go-标准的go项目布局-layout.zip

# Standard Go Project Layout Translations: * [한국어 문서](README_ko.md) * [简体中文](README_zh.md) * [正體中文](README_zh-TW.md) * [简体中文](README_zh-CN.md) - ??? * [Français](README_fr.md) * [日本語](README_ja.md) * [Português](README_ptBR.md) * [Español](README_es.md) * [Română](README_ro.md) * [Русский](README_ru.md) * [Türkçe](README_tr.md) * [Italiano](README_it.md) * [Vietnamese](README_vi.md) * [Українська](README_ua.md) * [Indonesian](README_id.md) ## Overview This is a basic layout for Go application projects. Note that it's basic in terms of content because it's focusing only on the general layout and not what you have inside. It's also basic because it's very high level and it doesn't go into great details in terms of how you can structure your project even further. For example, it doesn't try to cover the project structure you'd have with something like Clean Architecture. This is **`NOT an official standard defined by the core Go dev team`**. This is a set of common historical and emerging project layout patterns in the Go ecosystem. Some of these patterns are more popular than others. It also has a number of small enhancements along with several supporting directories common to any large enough real world application. Note that the **core Go team provides a great set of general guidelines about structuring Go projects** and what it means for your project when it's imported and when it's installed. See the [`Organizing a Go module`](https://go.dev/doc/modules/layout) page in the official Go docs for more details. It includes the `internal` and `cmd` directory patterns (described below) and other useful information. **`If you are trying to learn Go or if you are building a PoC or a simple project for yourself this project layout is an overkill. Start with something really simple instead (a single `main.go` file and `go.mod` is more than enough).`** As your project grows keep in mind that it'll be important to make sure your code is well structured otherwise you'll end up with a messy code with lots of hidden dependencies and global state. When you have more people working on the project you'll need even more structure. That's when it's important to introduce a common way to manage packages/libraries. When you have an open source project or when you know other projects import the code from your project repository that's when it's important to have private (aka `internal`) packages and code. Clone the repository, keep what you need and delete everything else! Just because it's there it doesn't mean you have to use it all. None of these patterns are used in every single project. Even the `vendor` pattern is not universal. With Go 1.14 [`Go Modules`](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules) are finally ready for production. Use [`Go Modules`](https://blog.golang.org/using-go-modules) unless you have a specific reason not to use them and if you do then you don’t need to worry about $GOPATH and where you put your project. The basic `go.mod` file in the repo assumes your project is hosted on GitHub, but it's not a requirement. The module path can be anything though the first module path component should have a dot in its name (the current version of Go doesn't enforce it anymore, but if you are using slightly older versions don't be surprised if your builds fail without it). See Issues [`37554`](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/37554) and [`32819`](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/32819) if you want to know more about it. This project layout is intentionally generic and it doesn't try to impose a specific Go package structure. This is a community effort. Open an issue if you see a new pattern or if you think one of the existing patterns needs to be updated. If you need help with naming, formatting and style start by running [`gofmt`](https://golang.org/cmd/gofmt/) and [`staticcheck`](https://github.com/dominikh/go-tools/tree/master/cmd/staticcheck). The previous standard linter, golint, is now deprecated and not maintained; use of a maintained linter such as staticcheck is recommended. Also make sure to read these Go code style guidelines and recommendations: * https://talks.golang.org/2014/names.slide * https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#names * https://blog.golang.org/package-names * https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/CodeReviewComments * [Style guideline for Go packages](https://rakyll.org/style-packages) (rakyll/JBD) See [`Go Project Layout`](https://medium.com/golang-learn/go-project-layout-e5213cdcfaa2) for additional background information. More about naming and organizing packages as well as other code structure recommendations: * [GopherCon EU 2018: Peter Bourgon - Best Practices for Industrial Programming](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTE4VJIdHPg) * [GopherCon Russia 2018: Ashley McNamara + Brian Ketelsen - Go best practices.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzTcsI6tn-0) * [GopherCon 2017: Edward Muller - Go Anti-Patterns](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltqV6pDKZD8) * [GopherCon 2018: Kat Zien - How Do You Structure Your Go Apps](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oL6JBUk6tj0) A Chinese post about Package-Oriented-Design guidelines and Architecture layer * [面向包的设计和架构分层](https://github.com/danceyoung/paper-code/blob/master/package-oriented-design/packageorienteddesign.md) ## Go Directories ### `/cmd` Main applications for this project. The directory name for each application should match the name of the executable you want to have (e.g., `/cmd/myapp`). Don't put a lot of code in the application directory. If you think the code can be imported and used in other projects, then it should live in the `/pkg` directory. If the code is not reusable or if you don't want others to reuse it, put that code in the `/internal` directory. You'll be surprised what others will do, so be explicit about your intentions! It's common to have a small `main` function that imports and invokes the code from the `/internal` and `/pkg` directories and nothing else. See the [`/cmd`](cmd/README.md) directory for examples. ### `/internal` Private application and library code. This is the code you don't want others importing in their applications or libraries. Note that this layout pattern is enforced by the Go compiler itself. See the Go 1.4 [`release notes`](https://golang.org/doc/go1.4#internalpackages) for more details. Note that you are not limited to the top level `internal` directory. You can have more than one `internal` directory at any level of your project tree. You can optionally add a bit of extra structure to your internal packages to separate your shared and non-shared internal code. It's not required (especially for smaller projects), but it's nice to have visual clues showing the intended package use. Your actual application code can go in the `/internal/app` directory (e.g., `/internal/app/myapp`) and the code shared by those apps in the `/internal/pkg` directory (e.g., `/internal/pkg/myprivlib`). ### `/pkg` Library code that's ok to use by external applications (e.g., `/pkg/mypubliclib`). Other projects will import these libraries expecting them to work, so think twice before you put something here :-) Note that the `internal` directory is a better way to ensure your private packages are not importable because it's enforced by Go. The `/pkg` directory is still a good way to explicitly communicate that the code in that directory is safe for use by others. The [`I'll take pkg over internal`](https://travisjeffery.com/b/2019/11/i-ll-take-pkg-over-internal/) blog post by Travis Jeffery provides a good overview of the `pkg` and `internal` directories and when it might make sense to use them. It's also a way to group Go code in one place when your root directory contains lots of non-Go components and directories making it easier to run various Go tools (as mentioned in these talks: [`Best Practices for Industrial Programming`](https://www.yout