# etcd
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**Note**: The `main` branch may be in an *unstable or even broken state* during development. For stable versions, see [releases][github-release].
![etcd Logo](logos/etcd-horizontal-color.svg)
etcd is a distributed reliable key-value store for the most critical data of a distributed system, with a focus on being:
* *Simple*: well-defined, user-facing API (gRPC)
* *Secure*: automatic TLS with optional client cert authentication
* *Fast*: benchmarked 10,000 writes/sec
* *Reliable*: properly distributed using Raft
etcd is written in Go and uses the [Raft][] consensus algorithm to manage a highly-available replicated log.
etcd is used [in production by many companies](./ADOPTERS.md), and the development team stands behind it in critical deployment scenarios, where etcd is frequently teamed with applications such as [Kubernetes][k8s], [locksmith][], [vulcand][], [Doorman][], and many others. Reliability is further ensured by [**rigorous testing**](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/tree/main/tests/functional).
See [etcdctl][etcdctl] for a simple command line client.
[raft]: https://raft.github.io/
[k8s]: http://kubernetes.io/
[doorman]: https://github.com/youtube/doorman
[locksmith]: https://github.com/coreos/locksmith
[vulcand]: https://github.com/vulcand/vulcand
[etcdctl]: https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/tree/main/etcdctl
## Community meetings
etcd contributors and maintainers have monthly (every four weeks) meetings at 11:00 AM (USA Pacific) on Thursday.
An initial agenda will be posted to the [shared Google docs][shared-meeting-notes] a day before each meeting, and everyone is welcome to suggest additional topics or other agendas.
[shared-meeting-notes]: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16XEGyPBisZvmmoIHSZzv__LoyOeluC5a4x353CX0SIM/edit
Time:
- [Jan 10th, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Cphtbd1OSc&feature=youtu.be)
- [Feb 7th, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/U80b--oAlYM)
- [Mar 7th, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/w9TI5B7D1zg)
- [Apr 4th, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/oqQR2XH1L_A)
- [May 2nd, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/wFwQePuDWVw)
- [May 30th, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/2t1R5NATYG4)
- [Jul 11th, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/k_FZEipWD6Y)
- [Jul 25, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/VSUJTACO93I)
- [Aug 22, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/6IBQ-VxQmuM)
- [Sep 19, 2019 11:00 AM video](https://youtu.be/SqfxU9DhBOc)
- Nov 14, 2019 11:00 AM
- Dec 12, 2019 11:00 AM
- Jan 09, 2020 11:00 AM
- Feb 06, 2020 11:00 AM
- Mar 05, 2020 11:00 AM
- Apr 02, 2020 11:00 AM
- Apr 30, 2020 11:00 AM
- May 28, 2020 11:00 AM
- Jun 25, 2020 11:00 AM
- Jul 23, 2020 11:00 AM
- Aug 20, 2020 11:00 AM
- Sep 17, 2020 11:00 AM
- Oct 15, 2020 11:00 AM
- Nov 12, 2020 11:00 AM
- Dec 10, 2020 11:00 AM
Join Hangouts Meet: [meet.google.com/umg-nrxn-qvs](https://meet.google.com/umg-nrxn-qvs)
Join by phone: +1 405-792-0633 PIN: 299 906#
## Getting started
### Getting etcd
The easiest way to get etcd is to use one of the pre-built release binaries which are available for OSX, Linux, Windows, and Docker on the [release page][github-release].
For more installation guides, please check out [play.etcd.io](http://play.etcd.io) and [operating etcd](https://etcd.io/docs/latest/op-guide).
For those wanting to try the very latest version, [build the latest version of etcd][dl-build] from the `main` branch. This first needs [*Go*](https://golang.org/) installed ([version 1.16+](/go.mod#L3) is required). All development occurs on `main`, including new features and bug fixes. Bug fixes are first targeted at `main` and subsequently ported to release branches, as described in the [branch management][branch-management] guide.
[github-release]: https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases
[branch-management]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest/branch_management
[dl-build]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest/dl-build#build-the-latest-version
### Running etcd
First start a single-member cluster of etcd.
If etcd is installed using the [pre-built release binaries][github-release], run it from the installation location as below:
```bash
/tmp/etcd-download-test/etcd
```
The etcd command can be simply run as such if it is moved to the system path as below:
```bash
mv /tmp/etcd-download-test/etcd /usr/local/bin/
etcd
```
If etcd is [built from the main branch][dl-build], run it as below:
```bash
./bin/etcd
```
This will bring up etcd listening on port 2379 for client communication and on port 2380 for server-to-server communication.
Next, let's set a single key, and then retrieve it:
```
etcdctl put mykey "this is awesome"
etcdctl get mykey
```
etcd is now running and serving client requests. For more, please check out:
- [Interactive etcd playground](http://play.etcd.io)
- [Animated quick demo](https://etcd.io/docs/latest/demo)
### etcd TCP ports
The [official etcd ports][iana-ports] are 2379 for client requests, and 2380 for peer communication.
[iana-ports]: http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.txt
### Running a local etcd cluster
First install [goreman](https://github.com/mattn/goreman), which manages Procfile-based applications.
Our [Procfile script](./Procfile) will set up a local example cluster. Start it with:
```bash
goreman start
```
This will bring up 3 etcd members `infra1`, `infra2` and `infra3` and optionally etcd `grpc-proxy`, which runs locally and composes a cluster.
Every cluster member and proxy accepts key value reads and key value writes.
Follow the steps in [Procfile.learner](./Procfile.learner) to add a learner node to the cluster. Start the learner node with:
```bash
goreman -f ./Procfile.learner start
```
### Next steps
Now it's time to dig into the full etcd API and other guides.
- Read the full [documentation][].
- Explore the full gRPC [API][].
- Set up a [multi-machine cluster][clustering].
- Learn the [config format, env variables and flags][configuration].
- Find [language bindings and tools][integrations].
- Use TLS to [secure an etcd cluster][security].
- [Tune etcd][tuning].
[documentation]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest
[api]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest/learning/api
[clustering]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest/op-guide/clustering
[configuration]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest/op-guide/configuration
[integrations]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest/integrations
[security]: https://etcd.io/docs/latest/op-guide/security
[tuning]: https://etcd.io/docs/late
etcd-v3.5.9
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**etcd v3.5.9 知识点详解**
etcd是Google开源的一个高度可用的分布式键值存储系统,广泛应用于微服务架构中的服务发现、配置管理等领域。它是CoreOS项目的一部分,采用Go语言编写,并遵循raft一致性算法,确保在分布式环境中的数据一致性。
### 1. raft一致性算法
raft算法是一种简化版的Paxos算法,易于理解和实现。在etcd中,raft算法用于管理集群的状态,确保即使在部分节点故障的情况下,整个集群仍能保持一致性和可用性。raft算法将集群分为领导者(Leader)、跟随者(Follower)和候选人(Candidate)三种角色,通过选举过程确保只有一个领导者来处理所有的写操作。
### 2. 集群配置与扩展
etcd支持动态添加或移除节点,以适应集群规模的变化。这种热插拔能力使得etcd集群可以在不中断服务的情况下进行扩展或收缩。etcd使用成员(Member)概念来表示集群中的每个实例,成员之间的状态通过gRPC通信协议进行同步。
### 3. Key-Value API
etcd提供了一个简单的Key-Value接口,允许客户端通过HTTP/2进行CRUD(创建、读取、更新、删除)操作。这些操作具有原子性,确保了在并发访问下的数据一致性。此外,etcd还支持TTL(Time To Live)特性,可以设置键值对的过期时间。
### 4. 健康检查与监控
etcd提供了丰富的健康检查接口,包括`/health`端点,用于检测etcd服务是否正常运行。同时,它还提供了详细的监控指标,如请求延迟、成功率、内存使用等,可以通过Prometheus或其他监控工具进行收集和展示。
### 5. 配置管理
etcd常用于服务发现和配置管理,例如在Kubernetes中,etcd存储了集群的状态和配置信息。应用可以通过监听etcd中的特定键来获取或接收配置变更的实时通知,实现动态配置更新。
### 6. 安全性与认证
etcd支持SSL/TLS加密通信,以保护数据在传输过程中的安全。同时,它还提供了身份验证和授权功能,通过证书和角色权限控制(RBAC)来限制不同用户对etcd的访问权限。
### 7. 自动备份与恢复
etcd支持定期备份到本地或远程存储,如S3兼容的云存储。当发生数据丢失或故障时,可以通过备份快速恢复到某个历史状态。此外,etcd还提供了快照功能,可以快速保存当前的数据状态。
### 8. 软件版本升级
`etcd-v3.5.9-linux-amd64`表明这是针对Linux AMD64架构的etcd v3.5.9版本。升级etcd通常涉及停止旧版本服务,替换二进制文件,然后重启服务,确保新版本的平稳运行。在升级过程中需要注意数据迁移和兼容性问题。
etcd v3.5.9作为一款强大的分布式键值存储系统,其核心特性在于数据一致性、可扩展性、易用性以及安全性,为微服务架构提供了可靠的基础服务。通过熟练掌握etcd的使用,可以有效地管理和维护分布式系统中的配置和服务发现。