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HTML Basics

Welcome to HTML Basics. This workshop leads you through the basics of Hyper Text Markup Language

(HTML). HTML is the building block for web pages. You will learn to use HTML to author an HTML page

to display in a web browser.

Objectives:

By the end of this workshop, you will be able to:

 Use a text editor to author an HTML document.

 Be able to use basic tags to denote paragraphs, emphasis or special type.

 Create hyperlinks to other documents.

 Create an email link.

 Add images to your document.

 Use a table for layout.

 Apply colors to your HTML document.

Prerequisites:

You will need a text editor, such as Notepad and an Internet browser, such as Internet Explorer or

Netscape.

Q: What is Notepad and where do I get it?

A: Notepad is the default Windows text editor. On most Windows systems, click your Start

button and choose Programs then Accessories. It should be a little blue notebook.

Mac Users: SimpleText is the default text editor on the Mac. In OSX use TextEdit and change

the following preferences: Select (in the preferences window) Plain text instead of Rich text and

then select Ignore rich text commands in HTML files. This is very important because if you don't

do this HTML codes probably won't work.

One thing you should avoid using is a word processor (like Microsoft Word) for authoring your HTML

documents.

What is an html File?

HTML is a format that tells a computer how to display a web page. The documents themselves are

plain text files with special "tags" or codes that a web browser uses to interpret and display

information on your computer screen.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags

 The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page

 An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension

Try It?

Open your text editor and type the following text:

<html>

<head>

<title>My First Webpage</title>

</head>

<body>

This is my first homepage. This text is bold

</body>

</html>

Save the file as mypage.html. Start your Internet browser. Select Open (or Open Page) in the File

menu of your browser. A dialog box will appear. Select Browse (or Choose File) and locate the html

file you just created - mypage.html - select it and click Open. Now you should see an address in the

dialog box, for example C:\MyDocuments\mypage.html. Click OK, and the browser will display the

page. To view how the page should look, visit this web page:

http://profdevtrain.austincc.edu/html/mypage.html

Example Explained

What you just made is a skeleton html document. This is the minimum required information for a web

document and all web documents should contain these basic components. The first tag in your html

document is

<html>. This tag tells your browser that this is the start of an html document. The last

tag in your document is

</html>. This tag tells your browser that this is the end of the html

document.

The text between the

<head> tag and the </head> tag is header information. Header information is not

displayed in the browser window.

The text between the

<title> tags is the title of your document. The <title> tag is used to uniquely

identify each document and is also displayed in the title bar of the browser window.

The text between the

<body> tags is the text that will be displayed in your browser.

The text between the

and tags will be displayed in a bold font.

HTM or HTML Extension?

When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. The .htm extension

comes from the past when some of the commonly used software only allowed three letter extensions.

It is perfectly safe to use either .html or .htm, but be consistent. mypage.htm and mypage.html are

treated as different files by the browser.

How to View HTML Source

A good way to learn HTML is to look at how other people have coded their html pages. To find out,

simply click on the View option in your browsers toolbar and select Source or Page Source. This will

open a window that shows you the actual HTML of the page. Go ahead and view the source html for

this page.

HTML Tags

What are HTML tags?

 HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements

 HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >

 The surrounding characters are called angle brackets

 HTML tags normally come in pairs like and

 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag

 The text between the start and end tags is the element content

 HTML tags are not case sensitive, means the same as

Logical vs. Physical Tags

In HTML there are both logical tags and physical tags. Logical tags are designed to describe (to the

browser) the enclosed text's meaning. An example of a logical tag is the

tag. By

placing text in between these tags you are telling the browser that the text has some greater

importance. By default all browsers make the text appear bold when in between the

and

tags.

Physical tags on the other hand provide specific instructions on how to display the text they enclose.

Examples of physical tags include:



: Makes the text bold.



<big>: Makes the text usually one size bigger than what's around it.



: Makes text italic.

Physical tags were invented to add style to HTML pages because style sheets were not around, though

the original intention of HTML was to not have physical tags. Rather than use physical tags to style

your HTML pages, you should use style sheets.

HTML Elements

Remember the HTML example from the previous page:

<html>

<head>

<title>My First Webpage</title>

</head>

<body>

This is my first homepage. This text is bold

</body>

</html>

This is an HTML element:

This text is bold

The HTML element begins with a start tag:

The content of the HTML element is: This text is bold

The HTML element ends with an end tag:

The purpose of the

tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed as bold.

This is also an HTML element:

<body>

This is my first homepage. This text is bold

</body>

This HTML element starts with the start tag <

body>, and ends with the end tag </body>. The purpose

of the

<body> tag is to define the HTML element that contains the body of the HTML document.

Nested Tags

You may have noticed in the example above, the <body> tag also contains other tags, like the tab.

When you enclose an element in with multiple tags, the last tag opened should be the first tag closed.

For example:

This is NOT the proper way to close nested tags.

This is the proper way to close nested tags.

Note: It doesn't matter which tag is first, but they must be closed in the proper order.

Why Use Lowercase Tags?

You may notice we've used lowercase tags even though I said that HTML tags are not case sensitive.

means the same as . The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the group responsible for

developing web standards, recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4 recommendation, and XHTML

(the next generation HTML) requires lowercase tags.

Tag Attributes

Tags can have attributes. Attributes can provide additional information about the HTML elements on

your page. The

<tag> tells the browser to do something, while the attribute tells the browser how to

do it. For instance, if we add the bgcolor attribute, we can tell the browser that the background color

of your page should be blue, like this

: <body bgcolor="blue">.

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