1 GHz
2 GHz
3 GHz
1840
2400
10 dBm
4 dBm
2120
400
RF
2800
LO
Im
5200
IF
2400
IF
Channel
Filter
50 dB/decade
1840
2400
10 dBm
4 dBm
2120
IF
360
Image Reject Filter
50 dB/decade
Primary
Image
After 1
st
Mixer
Image Reject
Filter
400 955
IF
LNA
IR
Filter
1 2 IQ
Channel
Filter
LPF
I
Q
400 - 955 1840-2400
360
2800
2040 360
Image
translates
to IF
Note: Channel filter of previous mixer
becomes IR filter for 2
nd
mixer
Input: RF @ 400 MHz
Im @ 5.2 GHz
IF = 2400 MHz
IF = 360 MHz
1 GHz
2 GHz
3 GHz
10 dBm
4 dBm
RF
2400
2040
LO
Im
1680
IF
IF
360
1 GHz
2 GHz
3 GHz
Im
1680
IF
(I)
LPF
IF
(Q)
0
50 dB/decade
Secondary
Image
I
Q
Secondary
Image
After 2
nd
Mixer
After IQ Demod
IF
360
Image
translates
to IF
These images become DC components after I/Q demodulation.
Primary
Image
Primary
Image
Im
5200
Im
5200
IF = 360 MHz
IF = DC
Note: DC values
differ for I
and Q channels
Figure 1: Signal flow through a receiver channel.
Frequency Offset (Hz)
Ph a s e No i se (
dB c
/Hz )
Frequencies in rising
order from lowest to
highest
Phase Noise (
dBc
/Hz)
320 MHz input
640 MHz
920 MHz
1760 MHz
2040 MHz
2800 MHz
3360 MHz
- 30
- 40
- 50
- 60
- 70
- 80
- 90
- 100
- 110
- 120
- 130
Frequency Offset (Hz)
Ph a s e No i se (
dB c
/Hz )
Phase Noise (
dBc
/Hz)
Frequency Offset (Hz)
3360 MHz
5040 MHz
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
- 140
- 150
- 160
- 170
- 180
- 190
Figure 2: Phase noise characteristic of STALO for a multi-frequency source
Switchable LO Frequencies
(Inversion)
1. f1 MHz
2. f2 MHz
3. f3 MHz
4. f4 MHz
5. f5 MHz
LPF BPF
AMP
BPF
Upconverter
with switchable filters
Downconverter
with switchable filters
LO2
(STALO)
F6 MHz
And
F7 MHz
f1
MH z to
f5
MH z
LO3 System
Switchable Filters
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
LNA
Tx Antenna
Rx Antenna
I /Q
Output
Analog I/Q Mixer
µC
Controls
- DDS
- LO2
- BPFs
DDS
5 Bands from F1_25 MHz to F5_25 MHz
Tx Generation
5 Freq. from f1 MHz to f5 MHz
220 MHz to 320 MHz
Reference Sweep
From
DDS
13.3 MHz to 14.1 GHz
AGC STC
Basic Sweep
220 MHz to 245 MHz
VGA
Pre-Selector
Filters
LO1
Switchable LO Frequencies
(Inversion)
1. f1 MHz
2. f2 MHz
3. f3 MHz
4. f4 MHz
5. f5 MHz
LPF BPF
AMP
BPF
Upconverter
with switchable filters
Downconverter
with switchable filters
LO2
(STALO)
F6 MHz
And
F7 MHz
f1
MH z to
f5
MH z
LO3 System
Switchable Filters
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
LNA
Tx Antenna
Rx Antenna
I /Q
Output
Analog I/Q Mixer
µC
Controls
- DDS
- LO2
- BPFs
DDS
5 Bands from F1_25 MHz to F5_25 MHz
Tx Generation
5 Freq. from f1 MHz to f5 MHz
220 MHz to 320 MHz
Reference Sweep
From
DDS
13.3 MHz to 14.1 GHz
AGC STC
Basic Sweep
220 MHz to 245 MHz
VGA
Pre-Selector
Filters
LO1
Figure 3: BFSR system configuration
Figure 16.7:
Signal generator of BFSR
LPF
Mixer
BPF
Amp
Amp
F1_25 MHz (Band 1)
STALO
f1 MHz
DDS
L=4.0dB
Attn_4 {ATTN_Linear}
ZO=50Ω
Port_4 {*OUT}
Signal Generator
NF=3.5dB
G=22dB
RFAmp_2 {RFAMP}
Fpass=360.0MHz
N=5
IL=2dB
LPF_Cheby_1 {LPF_CHEBY}
Fhi=2500.0MHz
Flo=1360MHz
N=5
IL=2dB
BPF_Cheby_1 {BPF_CHEBY}
Switchable Filters
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
Fhi=2380MHz
Flo=2280MHz
N=5
IL=2dB
BPF_Elliptic_1 {BPF_ELLIPTIC}
IL=1dB
L=2dB
AttnVar_1 {ATTN_VAR_Linear}
BPFs Elliptic
BW = 25 MHz
Across all 5 Bands
IL=1dB
L=2dB
AttnVar_2 {ATTN_VAR_Linear}
NF=2.5dB
G=20dB
RFAmp_1 {RFAMP}
R I
L
LO=17dBm
ConvGain=-8dB
MixerDBal_8 {MIXER_DBAL}
Pwr=17dBm
F=2600MHz
PwrOscillator_1 {PwrOscillator}
Source2=320 MHz at -20 dBm
Source1=220 MHz at -20 dBm
MultiSource_2 {MultiSource}
220 MHz to 245 MHz
Figure 16.7:
Signal generator of BFSR
LPF
Mixer
BPF
Amp Amp
F1_25 MHz (Band 1)
STALO
f1 MHz
DDS
L=4.0dB
Attn_4 {ATTN_Linear}
ZO=50Ω
Port_4 {*OUT}
Signal Generator
NF=3.5dB
G=22dB
RFAmp_2 {RFAMP}
Fpass=360.0MHz
N=5
IL=2dB
LPF_Cheby_1 {LPF_CHEBY}
Fhi=2500.0MHz
Flo=1360MHz
N=5
IL=2dB
BPF_Cheby_1 {BPF_CHEBY}
Switchable Filters
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
Fhi=2380MHz
Flo=2280MHz
N=5
IL=2dB
BPF_Elliptic_1 {BPF_ELLIPTIC}
IL=1dB
L=2dB
AttnVar_1 {ATTN_VAR_Linear}
BPFs Elliptic
BW = 25 MHz
Across all 5 Bands
IL=1dB
L=2dB
AttnVar_2 {ATTN_VAR_Linear}
NF=2.5dB
G=20dB
RFAmp_1 {RFAMP}
R I
L
LO=17dBm
ConvGain=-8dB
MixerDBal_8 {MIXER_DBAL}
Pwr=17dBm
F=2600MHz
PwrOscillator_1 {PwrOscillator}
Source2=320 MHz at -20 dBm
Source1=220 MHz at -20 dBm
MultiSource_2 {MultiSource}
220 MHz to 245 MHz
Figure 4: Signal generator of BFSR
F1_25 MHz
BPF
Mixer
STALO
F6 MHz
Upconverter
BPF
L=1.0dB
Attn_2 {ATTN_Linear}
Fhi=2480MHz
Flo=1380MHz
N=5
IL=0.8dB
BPF_Cheby_1 {BPF_CHEBY}
PA
VGA
Variable Attenuator
(Gain Control)
Fhi=5340MHz
Flo=4240MHz
N=5
IL=1dB
BPF_Cheby_4 {BPF_CHEBY}
Mixer
R I
L
LO=13dBm
ConvGain=-8dB
MixerDBal_8 {MIXER_DBAL}
R I
L
LO=13dBm
ConvGain=-8dB
MixerDBal_1 {MIXER_DBAL}
Pwr=13dBm
F=6720MHz
PwrOscillator_22 {PwrOscillator}
Pwr=13dBm
F=8960MHz
PwrOscillator_3 {PwrOscillator}
NF=3.5dB
G=10dB
RFAmp_4 {RFAMP}
ZO=50Ω
Port_1 {*OUT}
L=13.0dB
Attn_1 {ATTN_Linear}
BPF
Fhi=5340MHz
Flo=4240MHz
N=5
IL=1dB
BPF_Cheby_3 {BPF_CHEBY}
Ku Band
(All Coaxial)
BPFs Elliptic
BW = 25 MHz
Across all 5 Bands
NF=12dB
G=39dB
RFAmp_2 {RFAMP}
Source2=1580 MHz at -10 dBm
Source1=1480 MHz at -10 dBm
MultiSource_2 {MultiSource}
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
Fhi=14200MHz
Flo=14100MHz
N=5
IL=1.42dB
BPF_Cheby_2 {BPF_CHEBY}
STALO
F7 MHz
Ku Band Outputs
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
Figure 16.8: Upconverter
of BFSR
F1_25 MHz
BPF
Mixer
STALO
F6 MHz
Upconverter
BPF
L=1.0dB
Attn_2 {ATTN_Linear}
Fhi=2480MHz
Flo=1380MHz
N=5
IL=0.8dB
BPF_Cheby_1 {BPF_CHEBY}
PA
VGA
Variable Attenuator
(Gain Control)
Fhi=5340MHz
Flo=4240MHz
N=5
IL=1dB
BPF_Cheby_4 {BPF_CHEBY}
Mixer
R I
L
LO=13dBm
ConvGain=-8dB
MixerDBal_8 {MIXER_DBAL}
R I
L
LO=13dBm
ConvGain=-8dB
MixerDBal_1 {MIXER_DBAL}
Pwr=13dBm
F=6720MHz
PwrOscillator_22 {PwrOscillator}
Pwr=13dBm
F=8960MHz
PwrOscillator_3 {PwrOscillator}
NF=3.5dB
G=10dB
RFAmp_4 {RFAMP}
ZO=50Ω
Port_1 {*OUT}
L=13.0dB
Attn_1 {ATTN_Linear}
BPF
Fhi=5340MHz
Flo=4240MHz
N=5
IL=1dB
BPF_Cheby_3 {BPF_CHEBY}
Ku Band
(All Coaxial)
BPFs Elliptic
BW = 25 MHz
Across all 5 Bands
NF=12dB
G=39dB
RFAmp_2 {RFAMP}
Source2=1580 MHz at -10 dBm
Source1=1480 MHz at -10 dBm
MultiSource_2 {MultiSource}
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
Fhi=14200MHz
Flo=14100MHz
N=5
IL=1.42dB
BPF_Cheby_2 {BPF_CHEBY}
STALO
F7 MHz
Ku Band Outputs
Band 1: F1_25 MHz
Band 2: F2_25 MHz
Band 3: F3_25 MHz
Band 4: F4_25 MHz
Band 5: F5_25 MHz
Figure 16.8: Upconverter
of BFSR
Figure 5: Upconverter of BFSR
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