function xp = l1eq_pd(cnt,x0, A, At, b, pdtol, pdmaxiter, cgtol, cgmaxiter)
% Solve
% min_x ||x||_1 s.t. Ax = b
%
% Recast as linear program
% min_{x,u} sum(u) s.t. -u <= x <= u, Ax=b
% and use primal-dual interior point method
%
% Usage: xp = l1eq_pd(x0, A, At, b, pdtol, pdmaxiter, cgtol, cgmaxiter)
%
% x0 - Nx1 vector, initial point.
%
% A - Either a handle to a function that takes a N vector and returns a K
% vector , or a KxN matrix. If A is a function handle, the algorithm
% operates in "largescale" mode, solving the Newton systems via the
% Conjugate Gradients algorithm.
%
% At - Handle to a function that takes a K vector and returns an N vector.
% If A is a KxN matrix, At is ignored.
%
% b - Kx1 vector of observations.
%
% pdtol - Tolerance for primal-dual algorithm (algorithm terminates if
% the duality gap is less than pdtol).
% Default = 1e-3.
%
% pdmaxiter - Maximum number of primal-dual iterations.
% Default = 5.
%
% cgtol - Tolerance for Conjugate Gradients; ignored if A is a matrix.
% Default = 1e-8.
%
% cgmaxiter - Maximum number of iterations for Conjugate Gradients; ignored
% if A is a matrix.
% Default = 200.
%
% Written by: Justin Romberg, Caltech
% Email: jrom@acm.caltech.edu
% Created: October 2005
largescale = isa(A,'function_handle');
if (nargin < 6), pdtol = 1; end
if (nargin < 7), pdmaxiter = 5; end % if it is too large, error comes.
if (nargin < 8), cgtol = 1; end
if (nargin < 9), cgmaxiter = 200; end
N = length(x0);
alpha = 0.1;
beta = 0.5;
mu = 10;
gradf0 = [zeros(N,1); ones(N,1)];
% starting point --- make sure that it is feasible
if (largescale)
if (norm(A(x0)-b)/norm(b) > cgtol)
%disp('Starting point infeasible; using x0 = At*inv(AAt)*y.');
AAt = @(z) A(At(z));
[w, cgres, cgiter] = cgsolve(AAt, b, cgtol, cgmaxiter, 0);
if (cgres > 1/2)
%disp('A*At is ill-conditioned: cannot find starting point');
xp = x0;
return;
end
x0 = At(w);
end
else
if (norm(A*x0-b)/norm(b) > cgtol)
%disp('Starting point infeasible; using x0 = At*inv(AAt)*y.');
opts.POSDEF = true; opts.SYM = true;
[w, hcond] = linsolve(A*A', b, opts);
if (hcond < 1e-14)
%disp('A*At is ill-conditioned: cannot find starting point');
xp = x0;
return;
end
x0 = A'*w;
end
end
x = x0;
u = (0.95)*abs(x0) + (0.10)*max(abs(x0));
% set up for the first iteration
fu1 = x - u;
fu2 = -x - u;
lamu1 = -1./fu1;
lamu2 = -1./fu2;
if (largescale)
v = -A(lamu1-lamu2);
Atv = At(v);
rpri = A(x) - b;
else
v = -A*(lamu1-lamu2);
Atv = A'*v;
rpri = A*x - b;
end
sdg = -(fu1'*lamu1 + fu2'*lamu2);
tau = mu*2*N/sdg;
rcent = [-lamu1.*fu1; -lamu2.*fu2] - (1/tau);
rdual = gradf0 + [lamu1-lamu2; -lamu1-lamu2] + [Atv; zeros(N,1)];
resnorm = norm([rdual; rcent; rpri]);
pditer = 0;
done = (sdg < pdtol) | (pditer >= pdmaxiter);
times=0;
while ((~done) && (times<cnt)) % the number of iterations is controled by pdmaxiter
% there is error if the number is too
% large
pditer = pditer + 1;
times=times+1;
w1 = -1/tau*(-1./fu1 + 1./fu2) - Atv;
w2 = -1 - 1/tau*(1./fu1 + 1./fu2);
w3 = -rpri;
sig1 = -lamu1./fu1 - lamu2./fu2;
sig2 = lamu1./fu1 - lamu2./fu2;
sigx = sig1 - sig2.^2./sig1;
if (largescale)
w1p = w3 - A(w1./sigx - w2.*sig2./(sigx.*sig1));
h11pfun = @(z) -A(1./sigx.*At(z));
[dv, cgres, cgiter] = cgsolve(h11pfun, w1p, cgtol, cgmaxiter, 0);
if (cgres > 1/2)
disp('Cannot solve system. Returning previous iterate. (See Section 4 of notes for more information.)');
xp = x;
return
end
dx = (w1 - w2.*sig2./sig1 - At(dv))./sigx;
Adx = A(dx);
Atdv = At(dv);
else
w1p = -(w3 - A*(w1./sigx - w2.*sig2./(sigx.*sig1)));
H11p = A*(sparse(diag(1./sigx))*A');
opts.POSDEF = true; opts.SYM = true;
[dv,hcond] = linsolve(H11p, w1p, opts);
if (hcond < 1e-14)
disp('Matrix ill-conditioned. Returning previous iterate. (See Section 4 of notes for more information.)');
xp = x;
return
end
dx = (w1 - w2.*sig2./sig1 - A'*dv)./sigx;
Adx = A*dx;
Atdv = A'*dv;
end
du = (w2 - sig2.*dx)./sig1;
dlamu1 = (lamu1./fu1).*(-dx+du) - lamu1 - (1/tau)*1./fu1;
dlamu2 = (lamu2./fu2).*(dx+du) - lamu2 - 1/tau*1./fu2;
% make sure that the step is feasible: keeps lamu1,lamu2 > 0, fu1,fu2 < 0
indp = find(dlamu1 < 0); indn = find(dlamu2 < 0);
s = min([1; -lamu1(indp)./dlamu1(indp); -lamu2(indn)./dlamu2(indn)]);
indp = find((dx-du) > 0); indn = find((-dx-du) > 0);
s = (0.99)*min([s; -fu1(indp)./(dx(indp)-du(indp)); -fu2(indn)./(-dx(indn)-du(indn))]);
% backtracking line search
suffdec = 0;
backiter = 0;
while (~suffdec)
xp = x + s*dx; up = u + s*du;
vp = v + s*dv; Atvp = Atv + s*Atdv;
lamu1p = lamu1 + s*dlamu1; lamu2p = lamu2 + s*dlamu2;
fu1p = xp - up; fu2p = -xp - up;
rdp = gradf0 + [lamu1p-lamu2p; -lamu1p-lamu2p] + [Atvp; zeros(N,1)];
rcp = [-lamu1p.*fu1p; -lamu2p.*fu2p] - (1/tau);
rpp = rpri + s*Adx;
suffdec = (norm([rdp; rcp; rpp]) <= (1-alpha*s)*resnorm);
s = beta*s;
backiter = backiter + 1;
if (backiter > 32)
disp('Stuck backtracking, returning last iterate. (See Section 4 of notes for more information.)')
xp = x;
return
end
end
% next iteration
x = xp; u = up;
v = vp; Atv = Atvp;
lamu1 = lamu1p; lamu2 = lamu2p;
fu1 = fu1p; fu2 = fu2p;
% surrogate duality gap
sdg = -(fu1'*lamu1 + fu2'*lamu2);
tau = mu*2*N/sdg;
rpri = rpp;
rcent = [-lamu1.*fu1; -lamu2.*fu2] - (1/tau);
rdual = gradf0 + [lamu1-lamu2; -lamu1-lamu2] + [Atv; zeros(N,1)];
resnorm = norm([rdual; rcent; rpri]);
done = (sdg < pdtol) | (pditer >= pdmaxiter);
% disp(sprintf('Iteration = %d, tau = %8.3e, Primal = %8.3e, PDGap = %8.3e, Dual res = %8.3e, Primal res = %8.3e',...
% pditer, tau, sum(u), sdg, norm(rdual), norm(rpri)));
% if (largescale)
% disp(sprintf(' CG Res = %8.3e, CG Iter = %d', cgres, cgiter));
% else
% disp(sprintf(' H11p condition number = %8.3e', hcond));
% end
end
end
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