BeamAlignment_beamalignment

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Beam Alignment.zip （5个子文件）

Beam Alignment

antennas_cheatsheet.pdf 174KB

beam alignment.pdf 2.66MB

Basavarajappa2019_Article_BinaryPhase-controlledMulti-be.pdf 7.75MB

A Blind Beam Tracking Scheme for Millimeter Wave Systems.PDF 628KB

2020_Alkhateeb_Codebook_Learning_NN.pdf 2.93MB

RES E AR C H Open Access

Binary phase-controlled multi-beam-

switching antenna array for reconfigurable

5G applications

Vedaprabhu Basavarajappa

1,2*

, Beatriz Bedia Exposito

, Lorena Cabria

and Jose Basterrechea

Abstract

The paper presents a two-phase state based multi-beam-switchi ng scheme implemented on a custom-

designed 4 × 4 antenna array operating with a bandwidth of 1.5 GHz around 14 GHz. The antenna array and

the beam-switching scheme have been experimentall y validated. A phasing network designed to produce

two phase states is used to experimentally validate the beam-switching and five beam states are presented,

though this can be extended to other configurations using the split beam as a building b lock to construct

multiple beams. Th e ant enna can find potential use in multi-u ser m illimetre- wave massive MIMO scenarios

which require simultaneo us multiple beams along selective dir ections.

Keywords: Multi-beam antenna, Beam-switching, Massi ve MIMO, Millimetre wave, 5G

1 Introduction

In the quest for antennas that can support high data

rates demanded by 5th generation (5G) communica-

tions, an interdependent string of requirements that

characterize these antennas ha s re cently been devel-

oped. Most prominent among these are the require-

ments of low-profile and high-radiation efficiencies

[1] for the operation of the antennas in millimetre

wave. In addition, there is a need for wideband,

multi-frequency antennas with simpler fabrication

and ease of deployment. At millimetre wave, it is

well known that the antennas require high gain to

combat the high path loss at those frequencies. End-

fire antenna s with directors and aided p arasitics help

in achieving these high gains. The next plausible

step in the design of these antenna s is the incorpor-

ation of high gain multi-beam capabilities. These

techniques are generally based o n reflectors , lenses

or beamforming circuits [2]. Additional ways to

realize multi-beam operation recently have centred

around reconfigurable techniques, finite large arrays,

beam tilting and beam switching [2]. This paper

focuses on the proposal and validation of a simple

beam-switching technique b ased only on two-pha se

states using a 4 × 4 antenna array. The proposal uses

a new radiating elem ent initial ly intro duced in [3],

although other appropriate radiating element s can be

used for the purpose.

A brief survey of recent a ntenna array design te ch-

niques to realize multi-beam is discussed next. The

paper in [4] introduces a way to beam-switch along

theazimuthalplanealong360°withouttheuseof

conventional butler matrices , phase feeding networks

or ESPAR-based strategies. It uses qua si-lumped cou-

plers (QLCs) which are a pair of parallel transmis -

sion lines separated by two tunable varactors giving

rise to a four-port network. The ratio of th e power

between the input port and the output port of each

QLC can be controlled by varying the capacitance of

the varactor. A circular cascaded network of the

QLCs is used to attain a round-robin way to circu-

late power to attain operations in both single and

multi-mode over Yagi antennas. However, to switch

between multiple elements along the circle would

International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and

reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to

the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

* Correspondence: veda@ieee.org

Department of Antennas, TTI Norte, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de

Cantabria, C/ Albert Einstein n° 14, 39011 Santander, Spain

Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Cantabria,

Av. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain

Basavarajappa et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking

(2019) 2019:180

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1508-z

mean the design of multiple multi-layered re config-

urable rat-race couplers which is a limitation of this

proposal. The scalability of the design to higher fre-

quencies would necessitate the consideration of ap-

propriate substrate material considerations and

tangent losses, which in turn would limit the radi-

ation efficiencies. Guan et al. [5]presentawayto

attain multi-beam radiation using a 3 × 3 antenna

array of probe-fed patch antenna s without a beam-

forming network. The probe-fed patch antenna s are

coupled to each other using four microstrip lines

that act a s a substitute for the feeding network. Up

to nine beams can be obtained with a gain around

10 dBi. The paper in [6] investigates t he impact of

mutual coupling and edge effect s on the gain vari-

ation along large arrays. Two arrays made of dipoles

and patch element s are compared. It is proposed

that due to the omnidirectional pattern of the di-

poles, the gain variation is more due to the in-

creased mutual coupling between the elements and

an increased observed deviation is seen in the em-

bedded element gain. On the contrary, in the direc-

tional patch elements , the coupling is much lower.

The arrays are composed of 32 elements each and

their performance is evaluated for edge effects in a

finite configuration. The p aper in [7]proposesaway

to switch between five beams and tilt each of the

beams in the plane perpendicular to the comb-line

Fig. 1 Building block of the multi-beam scheme

Fig. 2 Interelement spacing dependent phasing-enforced, beam pointing for two element array

Basavarajappa et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2019) 2019:180 Page 2 of 16

feed. Five p arallel comb-line feed network s consist-

ing of t hree lines each are fed by a 3-way power div-

ider using a RF switch. There are five such RF

switches each connecting a triplet of comb lines.

The pha sing provided to the comb lines is controlled

by changing the length of t he transmission lines be-

tween the feeding point and the radiating element.

The antenna provides tilt in the elevation plane.

A comparison of the proposed antenna array and

its operation to the above-related works is presented

next. In c omparison to the paper in [4], the pro-

posed beam-switching scheme operates in the radiat-

ing half-plane rather than in the azimuth 360° plane.

It also operates at a frequency of 14 GHz as com-

paredto1GHzintheQLCdesignanddoesnot

employ multi-la yered rat-race couplers for m ulti-

mode beam-switching operation. In contrast to the

paper in [5], which uses beam steering without

a feeding network , the proposed antenna array

uses a beam-switching scheme with a two-

vector state phase feeding network. Multiple

simultaneous beams of up to four at a time can

be obtained using the proposed feeding scheme.

Theoperationalfrequencyisofthesameorder.

The p aper in [6]statesthatinthecaseofthe

directional patc h array, there is a lower gain

variation between elements at angles closer to

the direction normal to the array; similar ob-

ser vations have been made and verified experi-

mentally in the proposed 4 × 4 antenna array.

The gain along the boresight is similar with no

much variation, although for o blique directions

to the normal, there is a slight drop in gain.

The paper in [6] also concludes that more dir-

ective patch element s are a better choice for

massive MIMO. In comparison to the paper in

[7], the proposed 4 × 4 antenna array provides

multi-beams using a two-ve ctor state beam-

switching scheme and operates at 14 GHz. The re-

quired pha sing is provided by the transmission line

phasing network spe cifically designed for validation

purposes.

After this introductory se ction that present s a sur-

vey of the state-of-art in multi-beam antennas and

attempts to relate the proposed antenna in the con-

textual arena with a discussion on the compared

features of the different methodologies, the rest of

the paper is organized a s follows: Section 2 provides

the b eam-switching characteristics of the antenna

array and present s the novel two-ve ctor beam-

switching method to generate simultaneous high-

gain multiple beams. Section 3 details the measure-

ments and provides a discussion on the multi-beam

pattern and the gain measured. Finally, Section 4

concludes.

Fig. 3 Simulation model of the 4 × 4 array with supporting structure

Fig. 4 Simulated return loss (Snn) of the 4 × 4 array antenna

Basavarajappa et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2019) 2019:180 Page 3 of 16

2 Antenna array design and beam-switching

concept

2.1 Fundamental beam unit

To realize beam steering or beam switching, the

general procedure followed over an antenna array is

to p rimarily control the way the a mplitude and

phases are fed into the elements of t he antenna

array [8– 10]. Other factors such a s the antenna array

inter-element spacing and the individual element ra-

diation pattern also play a crucial role. In course of

achieving the desired radiation pattern, which may at

times be a single lobe that is steered to oblique an-

gles or multi-beam generation, pattern synthesis

methods can be used [11–13]. This often involves

weighting the amplitudes and phases in predefined

ways such as the Dolph-Chebyshe v or the binomial

distribution where the chosen amplitudes and phases

affect the main lobe dire ction and the SLL. These

and o ther such beam-steering m ethods are promis ing

owing to the freedom of beam steerability they

introduce into the structure. An additional require-

ment of these methods is that the distinct phases

and amplitude must be actively fed into each elem-

ent of the antenna array which can often be expen-

sive owing t o the use of wideband/multi-band phase

shifters and their corresponding active dynamic con-

trol. To realize almost a similar functionality using a

passive phasing network, it is necessary to have a

beam-switching scheme that minimizes the required

phase states , so that multi-beam operation can be

attained with simpler networks. Such a scheme is

proposed in this paper that can generate multiple

patterns in certain dire ctions using minimal pha se

reconfiguration of the feeding network. It uses a

unique way to cont rol the dire ction o f the pat terns

using two phases or binary phase control. This bin-

ary pha se control of 0° and 180° when applied in

conjunction with a variation of the interelement spa-

cing can produce unique multi-beam patterns along

certain dire ctions. The feeding network can be

Fig. 5 Port-to-port isolation with respect to port 1

Fig. 6 Simulated percentage radiation efficiency over the 16 ports

Basavarajappa et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2019) 2019:180 Page 4 of 16

passive or active; the key point is that the feeding

network needs to produce only two phases to gener-

ate m ulti-directional beams. A switching between

several of such beam configurations emulates the ef-

fect of beam steering with minimal loss of spatial

and angular resolution.

As a starting point , let us consider two equal radi-

ating sources excited in phase opposition and sym-

metrically located around the XZ plane at positions

of (0, −Δ/2, 0) and (0, Δ/2, 0) where Δ is the intere-

lement spacing. The radiated field produced by these

sources will be given by

E θ; ϕðÞ¼E

θ; ϕðÞe

jk sinθ sinϕ

−e

−jk sinθ sinϕ



¼ 2jE

θ; ϕðÞsin k sinθ sinϕ



ð1Þ

if mutual coupling effects are neglected. The sine

term will introduce a null on the ϕ =0 plane and

generate a twin lobe pattern w ith an opposite sign at

each side of the null plane. Varying Δ allows to

change the ma ximum pointing directions to an ex-

tent and, if spacing higher than a wavelength is used,

multiple lo bes on both sides can be obtai ned. The

sine term in (1) is nothing more than the array fac-

tor. The element pattern E

ðθ; ϕÞ will limit the

resulting dire ctivity for angles with high de viation

from boresight. Based on this concept, the proposed

fundamental beam-switching scheme that is respon-

sible for the multi-directional beam operation is dis-

cussed next.

The building block fo r the pro posed beam-

switching scheme rest s on physical principle and ob-

ser vation that the direction of the formed beam

aligns along t he vector connecting the points where

0° and 180° pha ses are fed on a two-element array.

An additional degree of freedom is offered by the

interelement spacing. By contro lling th e ve ctor alig n-

ment using the two phases , a corresponding dire c-

tional beam can be attained. This primary building

block, based primarily over two antenna s , can be

systematically mapped and extended to larger arrays

to attain multi-beam capabilities. The two-element

building block requir es that the antenna s individually

are directional and suitably spaced to avoid grating

lobes. Owing to the differential way of excitation, a

cancellation null is seen along the boresight and the

Fig. 7 a Top view of the all 0° phase network. b Top view of the 0° and 180° phase network. c Back view of the 0° and 180° phase network

Fig. 8 Phase response of the dual-phasing network of 0° and 180°

Basavarajappa et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2019) 2019:180 Page 5 of 16

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