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Network Dictionary

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File Transfer Protocol

October 1985

[ Page 1 ]

RFC: 959

Network Working Group J. Postel

Request for Comments: 959 J. Reynolds

ISI

Obsoletes RFC: 765 (IEN 149) October 1985

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

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File Transfer Protocol

October 1985

[ Page 2 ]

Status of this Memo

This memo is the ofcial specication of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Distribution of this memo is

unlimited.

The following new optional commands are included in this edition of the specication:

CDUP (Change to Parent Directory), SMNT (Structure Mount), STOU (Store Unique), RMD (Remove

Directory), MKD (Make Directory), PWD (Print Directory), and SYST (System).

Note that this specication is compatible with the previous edition.

1. INTRODUCTION

The objectives of FTP are 1) to promote sharing of les (computer programs and/or data), 2) to encourage

indirect or implicit (via programs) use of remote computers, 3) to shield a user from variations in le stor-

age systems among hosts, and 4) to transfer data reliably and efciently. FTP, though usable directly by a

user at a terminal, is designed mainly for use by programs.

The attempt in this specication is to satisfy the diverse needs of users of maxi-hosts, mini-hosts, personal

workstations, and TACs, with a simple, and easily implemented protocol design.

This paper assumes knowledge of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [2] and the Telnet Protocol [3].

These documents are contained in the ARPA-Internet protocol handbook [1].

2. OVERVIEW

In this section, the history, the terminology, and the FTP model are discussed. The terms dened in this

section are only those that have special signicance in FTP. Some of the terminology is very specic to the

FTP model; some readers may wish to turn to the section on the FTP model while reviewing the terminol-

ogy.

2.1. HISTORY

FTP has had a long evolution over the years. Appendix III is a chronological compilation of Request for

Comments documents relating to FTP. These include the rst proposed le transfer mechanisms in 1971

that were developed for implementation on hosts at M.I.T. (RFC 114), plus comments and discussion in

RFC 141.

RFC 172 provided a user-level oriented protocol for le transfer between host computers (including ter-

minal IMPs). A revision of this as RFC 265, restated FTP for additional review, while RFC 281 suggested

further changes. The use of a "Set Data Type" transaction was proposed in RFC 294 in January 1982.

RFC 354 obsoleted RFCs 264 and 265. The File Transfer Protocol was now dened as a protocol for le

transfer between HOSTs on the ARPANET, with the primary function of FTP dened as transfering les

efciently and reliably among hosts and allowing the convenient use of remote le storage capabilities.

RFC 385 further commented on errors, emphasis points, and additions to the protocol, while RFC 414 pro-

vided a status report on the working server and user FTPs. RFC 430, issued in 1973, (among other RFCs

too numerous to mention) presented further comments on FTP. Finally, an "ofcial" FTP document was

published as RFC 454.

By July 1973, considerable changes from the last versions of FTP were made, but the general structure

remained the same. RFC 542 was published as a new "ofcial" specication to reect these changes. How-

ever, many implementations based on the older specication were not updated.

In 1974, RFCs 607 and 614 continued comments on FTP. RFC 624 proposed further design changes and

minor modications. In 1975, RFC 686 entitled, "Leaving Well Enough Alone", discussed the differences

between all of the early and later versions of FTP. RFC 691 presented a minor revision of RFC 686, regard-

ing the subject of print les.

Motivated by the transition from the NCP to the TCP as the underlying protocol, a phoenix was born out of

all of the above efforts in RFC 765 as the specication of FTP for use on TCP.

Network Dictionary

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Network Dictionary

http://www.javvin.com/networkdiction-

ary.html

Network Protocols Map

http://www.javvin.com/map.html

Network Security Map

http://www.javvin.com/securitymap.

html

Wireless Communications

Technology Map

http://www.javvin.com/wirelessmap.

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Network Protocols Hand-

book

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File Transfer Protocol

October 1985

[ Page 3 ]

This current edition of the FTP specication is intended to correct some minor documentation errors, to

improve the explanation of some protocol features, and to add some new optional commands.

In particular, the following new optional commands are included in this edition of the specication:

CDUP - Change to Parent Directory

SMNT - Structure Mount

STOU - Store Unique

RMD - Remove Directory

MKD - Make Directory

PWD - Print Directory

SYST - System

This specication is compatible with the previous edition. A program implemented in conformance to the

previous specication should automatically be in conformance to this specication.

2.2. TERMINOLOGY

ASCII

The ASCII character set is as dened in the ARPA-Internet Protocol Handbook. In FTP, ASCII characters

are dened to be the lower half of an eight-bit code set (i.e., the most signicant bit is zero).

access controls

Access controls dene users' access privileges to the use of a system, and to the les in that system. Access

controls are necessary to prevent unauthorized or accidental use of les. It is the prerogative of a server-

FTP process to invoke access controls.

byte size

There are two byte sizes of interest in FTP: the logical byte size of the le, and the transfer byte size used

for the transmission of the data. The transfer byte size is always 8 bits. The transfer byte size is not neces-

sarily the byte size in which data is to be stored in a system, nor the logical byte size for interpretation of

the structure of the data.

control connection

The communication path between the USER-PI and SERVER-PI for the exchange of commands and re-

plies. This connection follows the Telnet Protocol.

data connection

A full duplex connection over which data is transferred, in a specied mode and type. The data transferred

may be a part of a le, an entire le or a number of les. The path may be between a server-DTP and a

user-DTP, or between two server-DTPs.

data port

The passive data transfer process "listens" on the data port for a connection from the active transfer process

in order to open the data connection.

DTP

The data transfer process establishes and manages the data connection. The DTP can be passive or active.

End-of-Line

The end-of-line sequence denes the separation of printing lines. The sequence is Carriage Return, fol-

lowed by Line Feed.

Network Dictionary

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ary.html

Network Protocols Map

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Network Security Map

http://www.javvin.com/securitymap.

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Wireless Communications

Technology Map

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html

Network Protocols Hand-

book

http://www.javvin.com/model.html

TCP/IP Quick Guide

http://www.javvin.com/tcpipguide.html

Ethernet Quick Guide

http://www.javvin.com/ethernetguide.

html

Packet Analyzer

http://www.javvin.com/packet.html

DiskShare

http://www.javvin.com/diskshare.html

DiskAccess

http://www.javvin.com/diskaccess.html

LANsurveyor

http://www.javvin.com/LANsurveyor.

html

CyberGauge

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Monitor

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File Transfer Protocol

October 1985

[ Page 4 ]

EOF

The end-of-le condition that denes the end of a le being transferred.

EOR

The end-of-record condition that denes the end of a record being transferred.

error recovery

A procedure that allows a user to recover from certain errors such as failure of either host system or transfer

process. In FTP, error recovery may involve restarting a le transfer at a given checkpoint.

FTP commands

A set of commands that comprise the control information owing from the user-FTP to the server-FTP

process.

le

An ordered set of computer data (including programs), of arbitrary length, uniquely identied by a path-

name.

mode

The mode in which data is to be transferred via the data connection. The mode denes the data format dur-

ing transfer including EOR and EOF. The transfer modes dened in FTP are described in the Section on

Transmission Modes.

NVT

The Network Virtual Terminal as dened in the Telnet Protocol.

NVFS

The Network Virtual File System. A concept which denes a standard network le system with standard

commands and pathname conventions.

page

A le may be structured as a set of independent parts called pages. FTP supports the transmission of dis-

continuous les as independent indexed pages.

pathname

Pathname is dened to be the character string which must be input to a le system by a user in order to

identify a le. Pathname normally contains device and/or directory names, and le name specication. FTP

does not yet specify a standard pathname convention. Each user must follow the le naming conventions

of the le systems involved in the transfer.

The protocol interpreter. The user and server sides of the protocol have distinct roles implemented in a

user-PI and a server-PI.

record

A sequential le may be structured as a number of contiguous parts called records. Record structures are

supported by FTP but a le need not have record structure.

A reply is an acknowledgment (positive or negative) sent from server to user via the control connection

in response to FTP commands. The general form of a reply is a completion code (including error codes)

followed by a text string. The codes are for use by programs and the text is usually intended for human

users.

Network Dictionary

http://www.javvin.com/networkdiction-

ary.html

Network Protocols Map

http://www.javvin.com/map.html

Network Security Map

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html

Wireless Communications

Technology Map

http://www.javvin.com/wirelessmap.

html

Network Protocols Hand-

book

http://www.javvin.com/model.html

TCP/IP Quick Guide

http://www.javvin.com/tcpipguide.html

Ethernet Quick Guide

http://www.javvin.com/ethernetguide.

html

Packet Analyzer

http://www.javvin.com/packet.html

DiskShare

http://www.javvin.com/diskshare.html

DiskAccess

http://www.javvin.com/diskaccess.html

LANsurveyor

http://www.javvin.com/LANsurveyor.

html

CyberGauge

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html

Easy Network Service

Monitor

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Business Card Scanner

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scanner.html

Color Cards and Picture

Scanner

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ner.html

Portable Document Scan-

ner

http://www.javvin.com/portablescan-

ner.html

www.javvin.com

www.networkdictionary.

com

Network Dictionary

http://www.javvin.com/networkdiction-

ary.html

Network Protocols Map

http://www.javvin.com/map.html

Network Security Map

http://www.javvin.com/securitymap.

html

Wireless Communications

Technology Map

http://www.javvin.com/wirelessmap.

html

Network Protocols Hand-

book

http://www.javvin.com/model.html

TCP/IP Quick Guide

http://www.javvin.com/tcpipguide.html

Ethernet Quick Guide

http://www.javvin.com/ethernetguide.

html

Packet Analyzer

http://www.javvin.com/packet.html

DiskShare

http://www.javvin.com/diskshare.html

DiskAccess

http://www.javvin.com/diskaccess.html

LANsurveyor

http://www.javvin.com/LANsurveyor.

html

CyberGauge

http://www.javvin.com/CyberGauge.

html

Easy Network Service

Monitor

http://www.javvin.com/easy.html

Business Card Scanner

http://www.javvin.com/businesscard-

scanner.html

Color Cards and Picture

Scanner

http://www.javvin.com/colorcardscan-

ner.html

Portable Document Scan-

ner

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File Transfer Protocol

October 1985

[ Page 5 ]

server-DTP

The data transfer process, in its normal "active" state, establishes the data connection with the "listening"

data port. It sets up parameters for transfer and storage, and transfers data on command from its PI. The

DTP can be placed in a "passive" state to listen for, rather than initiate a connection on the data port.

server-FTP process

A process or set of processes which perform the function of le transfer in cooperation with a user-FTP

process and, possibly, another server. The functions consist of a protocol interpreter (PI) and a data transfer

process (DTP).

server-PI

The server protocol interpreter "listens" on Port L for a connection from a user-PI and establishes a control

communication connection. It receives standard FTP commands from the user-PI, sends replies, and gov-

erns the server-DTP.

type

The data representation type used for data transfer and storage. Type implies certain transformations be-

tween the time of data storage and data transfer. The representation types dened in FTP are described in

the Section on Establishing Data Connections.

user

A person or a process on behalf of a person wishing to obtain le transfer service. The human user may

interact directly with a server-FTP process, but use of a user-FTP process is preferred since the protocol

design is weighted towards automata.

user-DTP

The data transfer process "listens" on the data port for a connection from a server-FTP process. If two serv-

ers are transferring data between them, the user-DTP is inactive.

user-FTP process

A set of functions including a protocol interpreter, a data transfer process and a user interface which to-

gether perform the function of le transfer in cooperation with one or more server-FTP processes. The user

interface allows a local language to be used in the command-reply dialogue with the user.

user-PI

The user protocol interpreter initiates the control connection from its port U to the server-FTP process, initi-

ates FTP commands, and governs the user-DTP if that process is part of the le transfer.

2.3. THE FTP MODEL

With the above denitions in mind, the following model (shown in Figure 1) may be diagrammed for an

FTP service.

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