MP3Stego
--------
Fabien A. P. Petitcolas, Cambridge
19 March 2002
When looking at the steganographic tools available on the Net, it occurred to
me that nothing had been done to hide information in MP3 files, that is sound
tracks compressed using the MPEG Audio Layer III format. There is a growing
interest world-wide in MP3 files because they offer near-CD quality at
compression ratio of 11 to 1 (128 kilobits per second). This gives a very good
opportunity for information hiding.
MP3Stego will hide information in MP3 files during the compression process.
The data is first compressed, encrypted and then data hidden in the MP3 bit
stream. Although MP3Stego has been written with steganographic applications in
mind it might be used as a watermarking system for MP3 files. Any opponent can
uncompress the bit stream and recompress it; this will delete the hidden
information -- actually this is the only attack we know yet -- but at the
expense of severe quality loss.
The hiding process takes place at the heart of the Layer III encoding process
namely in the inner_loop. The inner loop quantizes the input data and increases
the quantizer step size until the quantized data can be coded with the available
number of bits. Another loop checks that the distortions introduced by the
quantization do not exceed the threshold defined by the psycho acoustic model.
The part2_3_length variable contains the number of main_data bits used for
scalefactors and Huffman code data in the MP3 bit stream. We encode the bits
as its parity by changing the end loop condition of the inner loop. Only
randomly chosen part2_3_length values are modified; the selection is done
using a pseudo random bit generator based on SHA-1.
We have discussed earlier the power of parity for information hiding [1].
MP3Stego is a practical example of it. There is still space for improvement
but I thought that some people might be interested to have a look at it.
Compilation
-----------
The full C code and binaries are available from:
<http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fapp2/steganography/mp3stego/>
and compilation can easily be done by opening the MP3Stego.dsw project with
Microsoft Visual C++ 6
Usage exemple
-------------
encode -E data.txt sound.wav sound.mp3
compresses sound.wav and hides data.txt. This produces the output called
sound.mp3
decode -X sound.mp3
uncompresses sound.mp3 into sound.mp3.pcm and attempts to extract hidden
information. The hidden message is decrypted, uncompressed and saved into
sound.mp3.txt.
Feedback
--------
Don't forget to let me know your code updates, suggestions or comments to:
fapp2@cl.cam.ac.uk
Important notice
----------------
This computer program is based on:
- 8hz-mp3 0.2b -- 8Hz implementation of MP3 encoder;
- MP3 Decoder (dist10) of the ISO MPEG Audio Subgroup Software Simulation Group;
- ZLib 1.1.4 compression library by Jean-Loup Gailly�s ZLib;
- Eric�s Young implementation of 3DES;
- James J. Gillogly�s implementation of SHA-1;
- ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993, Information technology -- Coding of moving pictures
and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s --
Part 3: Audio, with the permission of ISO. Copies of this standards can be
purchased from the British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road,
GB-London W4 4AL, Telephone:+ 44 181 996 90 00, Telefax:+ 44 181 996 74 00
or from ISO, postal box 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Telephone +41 22 749 0111,
Telefax +4122 734 1079. Copyright remains with ISO.
Reference
---------
[1] Ross J. Anderson and Fabien A.P. Petitcolas. On The Limits of
Steganography. IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,
16(4):474-481, May 1998. Special Issue on Copyright & Privacy Protection.
ISSN 0733-8716.
History
-------
19 Mars 2002 - Compression library has been updated to 1.1.4.
20 December 1999 - MP3Stego now informs users if the data to be hidden is
too big for the cover-sound.
5 August 1998 - MP3Stego is advertised on both the steganography and
watermarking mailing lists.
Warning
-------
THIS SOFTWARE IS NOT INTENDED FOR ANY COMMERCIAL APPLICATION AND IS PROVIDED
'AS IS', WITH ALL FAULTS AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE
OR NON INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY,
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
$Header: /MP3Stego/README.txt 5 19/03/02 10:56 Fabienpe $
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MP3Stego_1_1_16.zip_MP3Stego_1_1_16.rar_audio watermarking_mp3数字 (250个子文件)
1cb0 166B
1cb1 172B
1cb2 162B
1CB4 158B
1CB5 156B
1CB6 145B
Readme.1st 5KB
1th0 2KB
1th1 2KB
1th2 2KB
1TH4 3KB
1TH5 3KB
1TH6 3KB
2cb0 187B
2cb1 185B
2cb2 175B
2CB4 169B
2CB5 169B
2CB6 156B
2th0 3KB
2th1 2KB
2th2 3KB
2TH4 4KB
2TH5 4KB
2TH6 4KB
zlib.3 3KB
README.586 2KB
README.686 1KB
README.8hz-mp3 6KB
absthr_0 6KB
absthr_1 6KB
absthr_2 7KB
alloc_0 4KB
alloc_1 5KB
alloc_2 1KB
alloc_3 2KB
ALLOC_4 3KB
gvmat32.asm 14KB
Makefile.b32 3KB
mkgvmt32.bat 59B
Makefile.bor 3KB
zlib.bpg 817B
zlib.bpr 5KB
d_zlib.bpr 5KB
zlib32.bpr 4KB
decode.c 69KB
l3loop.c 53KB
deflate.c 49KB
common.c 46KB
trees.c 44KB
unzip.c 35KB
ieeefloat.c 28KB
musicout.c 27KB
tables.c 26KB
gzio.c 26KB
l3bitstream.c 24KB
l3psy.c 22KB
zip.c 21KB
inftrees.c 16KB
example.c 16KB
tools.c 16KB
huffman.c 16KB
bitstream.c 15KB
formatBitstream.c 15KB
infblock.c 13KB
miniunz.c 11KB
ieeefloat.c 11KB
untgz.c 11KB
huffman.c 11KB
stego.c 11KB
inflate.c 10KB
des_enc.c 9KB
set_key.c 8KB
minigzip.c 8KB
portableio.c 8KB
infcodes.c 8KB
minizip.c 8KB
gvmat32c.c 7KB
portableio.c 7KB
crc32.c 7KB
main.c 7KB
layer3.c 7KB
inffast.c 6KB
ede_enc.c 6KB
sha.c 6KB
zutil.c 5KB
reservoir.c 5KB
fft.c 5KB
l3mdct.c 5KB
wave.c 5KB
error.c 4KB
l3subband.c 3KB
maketree.c 2KB
compress.c 2KB
infutil.c 2KB
uncompr.c 2KB
adler32.c 1KB
ChangeLog 24KB
ChangeLogUnzip 1KB
Make_vms.com 4KB
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