..................................................................................................................1
1.1 .......................................................................................................1
1.2 OSI ...........................................................................................................3
1.3 Internet ..............................................................................................4
1.4 /...............................................................................................5
1.4 UNIX ...................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Unix .................................................................................7
1.4.2 UNIX ..........................................................................................8
1.4.3 1979 – UNIX .............................................................................10
1.4.4 UNIX ?............................................................................. 11
1.5 Linux .................................................................................................. 11
1.5.1 Linux ..................................................................................12
1.5.2 GNU ......................................................................................12
1.5.3 Linux ........................................................................................13
1.5.4 ...............................................................................................14
1.5.5 Linux .................................................................................14
1.5.6 Linux ............................................................................15
1.6 Linux Unix ....................................................................................15
UNIX/Linux ...............................................................................................17
2.1 UNIX/Linux .......................................................................................17
2.2 ......................................................................................................19
2.2.1 UNIX/Linux ......................................................................19
2.2.2 I/O ......................................................................................20
2.3 ................................................................................................................21
..........................................................................................................22
3.1 ...........................................................................................22
3.1.1 ............................................................................................22
3.1.2 ............................................................................................22
3.1.3 ............................................................................................24
3.1.4 .......................................................................29
3.2 ...............................................................................................31
3.2.1 ............................................................................................31
3.2.2 ............................................................................................32
3.2.3 ..............................................................................33
3.2.4 .....................................................................................33
3.3 ......................................................................................................38
3.3.1 ............................................................................................38
3.3.2 .....................................................................................39
3.3.3 ................................................................................................40
3.3.4 .....................................................................................42
3.3.5 ..................................................................................43
3.3.6 ............................................................................................44
3.3.7 .........................................................................................45
3.4 .........................................................................................................46
