XAPP294 (Draft) December 19, 2001 www.xilinx.com 1
1-800-255-7778
© 2001 Xilinx, Inc. All rights reserved. All Xilinx trademarks, registered trademarks, patents, and disclaimers are as listed at http://www.xilinx.com/legal.htm.
All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. All specifications are subject to change without notice.
Summary The video standard ITU-R BT.601 was introduced as the need for transporting digital
component video between countries and standards increased. The analog component R’G’B’
can be sampled in a very regular way and converted from 4:4:4 to the digital 4:2:2 format,
essentially cutting in half the number of different components, Cr and Cb.
The digital data is efficiently stored or transmitted to a destination that reverses the process,
i.e., converts back to 4:4:4 format, and produces analog YUV or R’G’B’ for display. This
application note provides technical details surrounding video format conversion and how it is
accomplished in the MicroBlaze and Multimedia development board.
Introduction When taking live or studio video into a system as 4:2:2 format (reference ITU-R BT.601 and
ITU-R BT.656-4)
[1]
, Chroma (Cb and Cr) is provided at 1/2 the data rate as Luma. Since the
human eye is less sensitive to the color difference of Chroma signals, the amount of digital
video storage and digital video bandwidth can be reduced. Relative to the incoming Luma
stream, only the even Chroma values are sampled. To get the missing Chroma values, i.e.,
convert back to 4:4:4, interpolate the available values. One goal in converting back to an analog
format is to calculate the missing values without producing undesirable artifacts.
To adhere to the output frequency response specified in the ITU-R BT.601 standard, pay close
attention to the scaling, over-flow, and under-flow of the final R’G’B’ values. Failure to do this
results in an incorrect data display on the destination equipment. Several filter functions can be
used to match the reference. The result is a compromise between complexity, cost, and
standard adherence.
Sampling
Schemes
4:2:2 and 4:4:4 Sampling Schemes
The video standard ITU-R BT.656 describes how to embed video-timing information in the
4:2:2 bit-parallel sampling scheme of the Y’CrCb color space definition. It also clearly shows
the relationship of Luma and Chroma, with Luma values arriving at twice the data rate as
Chroma. Refer to application note XAPP286 "Video Line Field Decode"
for this information.
The video data words are conveyed as a 27 MHz data stream in the following order:
Cb0, Y’0, Cr0, Y’1, Cb1, Y’2, Cr1, Y’3, Cb2, Y’4, Cr2, Y’5...
Figure 1 and Figure 2 conceptually shows how the 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 data streams are different.
Application Note: MicroBlaze and Multimedia Development Board
XAPP294 (Draft) December 19, 2001
Digital Component Video Conversion
4:2:2 to 4:4:4
Author: Gregg Hawkes
R
Figure 1: Digital Component 4:4:4 Format
Cb0 Cb1 Cb2 Cb3 Cb4 Cb5 Cb6 Cb7
Y'0 Y'1 Y'2 Y'3 Y'4 Y'5 Y'6 Y'7
Cr0 Cr1 Cr2 Cr3 Cr4 Cr5 Cr6 Cr7
x294_01_090401
4:4:4 Video Stream
评论1