NouveauArchiveWinRAR(2).rar_Solar_Z98_matlabpvsolar

共1个文件

pdf：1个

版权申诉

solar

67 浏览量 2022-09-15 00:52:25 上传评论收藏 2.33MB RAR 举报

资源推荐

资源详情

资源评论

收起资源包目录

Nouveau Archive WinRAR (2).rar （1个子文件）

9783319149400-c2.pdf 3.68MB

Chapter 2

Application of MATLAB/SIMULINK

in Solar PV Systems

Learning Objectives

On completion of this chapter, the reader will have knowledge on:

• Basic components of Solar PV system and its merits and demerits.

• Involvement of power electronic devices in Solar PV components.

• MATLAB/SIMULINK model of different control strategies of power

conditioning unit.

• Importance of MATLAB/SIMULINK model in improving the efﬁciency

of the overall solar PV system.

• Characteristics of Solar PV panel and its MATLAB/SIMULINK model.

• Characteristics and MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Solar PV power

conditioning unit.

MATLAB and Power electronics application ranges from power supplies to robotic

controls, industrial automation, automotive, industrial drives, power quality, and

renewable energy systems. In particular, before the installation of power plant,

MATLAB ﬁnds applications in selecting the system based on the requirements and

to choose particular components for the Solar PV application. This chapter is to

explore the role and possibility of MATLAB along with its tool boxes in Solar PV

Systems to promote Modeling, and Simulation with emphasis on Analysis, and

Design. In renewable energy systems applications, MATLAB helps for selecting

the matrix manipulations in the converters to grid inverter, plotting of functions and

data, implementation of MPPT algorithms, creation of user interfaces for monitor-

ing the Solar PV modules and for interfacing with inverters and converters, wherein

which control algorithms would be written in other languages. As a result of the

MATLAB simulation of the components of the solar PV system one can beneﬁt

from this model as a photovoltaic generator in the framework of the MATLAB/

SIMULINK toolbox in the ﬁeld of solar PV power conversion systems. In addition,

S. Sumathi et al., Solar PV and Wind Energy Conversion Systems,

Green Energy and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14941-7_2

such models discussed in this chapter would provide a tool to predict the behavior

of solar PV cell, module and array, charge controller, SOC battery, inverter, and

MPPT, under climate and physical parameters changes.

2.1 Basics of Solar PV

A photovoltaic system is made up of several photovoltaic solar cells. An individual

small PV cell is capable of generating about 1 or 2 W of power approximately

depends of the type of material used. For higher power output, PV cells can be

connected together to form higher power modules. In the market the maximum

power capacity of the module is 1 kW, even though higher capacity is possible to

manufacture, it will become cumbersome to handle more than 1 kW module.

Depending upon the power plant capacity or based on the power generation,

group of modules can be connected together to form an array.

Solar PV systems are usually consists of numerous solar arrays, although the

modules are from the same manufactures or from the same materials, the module

performance characteristics varies and on the whole the entire system performance

is based on the efﬁciency or the performance of the individual components.

Apart from the solar PV module the system components comprises a battery

charge controller, an inverter, MPPT controller and some of the low voltage

switchgear components. Presently in the market, power conditioning unit consists

of charge controller, inverter and MPPT controller. A Balance-of-System (BoS)

includes component s and equipments that convert DC supply from the solar PV

module to AC grid supply. In general, BOS of the solar PV system includes all

the components of the system except the Solar PV modules. In addition to

inverters, this includes the cables/wires, switches, enclosures, fuses, ground fault

detectors, surge protectors, etc. BOS applies to all types of solar applications

(i.e. commercial, residential, agricultural, public facilities, and solar parks).

In many systems, the cost of BOS equipment can equal or exceed the cost of the

PV modules. When examining the costs of PV modules, these costs do not include

the cost of BOS equipment. In a typical battery based solar PV system the cost of

the modules is 20–30 % of the total while the remaining 70 % is the balance of

systems (BOS). Apart from the 50 % of the system BOS costs a lot more mainte-

nance expense is also required for proper maintenance of the BOS. By controlling

the balance-of-system components, increase efﬁciency, and modernize solar PV

systems can be maintained. BOS components include the majority of the pieces,

which make up roughly 10–50 % of solar purchasing and installation costs, and

account for the majority of maintenance requirements. Thus, suitable integration of

the BOS is vital for the proper functionality and the reliability of the solar PV

system. However it is often completely overlooked and poorly integrated. Costs are

steadily decreasing with regard to solar panels and inverters.

As per the statistics, the Solar PV module world market is steadily growing at

the rate of 30 % per year. The reasons behind this growth are that the reliable

60 2 Application of MATLAB/SIMULINK in Solar PV Systems

production of electricity without fuel consumption anywhere there is light and the

ﬂexibility of PV systems. Also the solar PV systems using modular technology and

the components of Solar PV can be conﬁgured for varying capacity, ranging from

watts to megawatts. Earlier, large variety of solar PV applications found to be in

industries but now it is being used for commercial as well as for domestic needs.

One of the hindrance factor is the efﬁciency of the solar PV cell, in the

commercial mar ket a cell efﬁciency of up to 18.3 % is currently obtained,

depending on the technology that is used. When it is related to the module

efﬁciency, it is slightly lower than the cell efﬁciency. This is due to the blank

spaces between the arrays of solar cells in the module. The overall system efﬁciency

includes the efﬁciency and the performance of the entire components in the system

and also depends on the solar installation. Here there is another numerical drop in

value when compared to the module efﬁciency, this being due to conductance

losses, e.g., in cables. In the case of inverter, it converts the DC output from the

Solar PV module to the AC grid voltage with a certain degree of efﬁciency. It

depends upon conversion efﬁciency and the precision and quickness of the MPP

tracking called tracking efﬁciency. MPP tracking which is having an efﬁciency of

98–99 % is available in the market, each and every MPPT is based on a particular

tracking algorithm.

Current research states that all materials have physi cal limits on the electricity

that they can generate. For example, the maximum efﬁciency of crystalline silicon

is only 28 %. But tandem cells provide immense scope for development in coming

years. Efﬁciency of existing laboratory cells has already achieved efﬁciency values

of over 25 %. PV Modules with BOS components known as an entire PV system.

This system is usually sufﬁcient to meet a particular energy demand, such as

powering a water pump, the applian ces and lights in a home, and electrical

requirements of a community.

In the cost of PV systems and in consumer acceptance, reliability of PV arrays is

a crucial factor. With the help of fault-tolerant circuit design, reliability can be

improved using various redundant features in the circuit to control the effect of

partial failure on overall module yield and array power degradation. Degradation

can be limited by dividing the modules into a number of parallel solar cell networks.

This type of design can also improve module losses caused by broken cells. The

hot-spots in the Solar PV module can be avoided by having diodes across each cell

and that is called as bypass diodes. Practically a solar PV module consists of one

bypass diode for 18 cells to mitigate the effects of local cell hot-spots.

2.2 PV Module Performance Measurements

Peak watt rating is a key performance measurement of PV module. The peak watt

) rating is determined by measuring the maximum power of a PV module under

laboratory Standard Test Conditions (STC). These conditions related to the maxi-

mum power of the PV module are not practical. Hence, researchers must use the

2.2 PV Module Performance Measurements 61

NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature) rating. In reality, either of the

methods is designed to indicate the performance of a solar module under realistic

operating conditions. Another method is to consider the whole day rather than

“peak” sunshine hours and it is based on some of the factors like light levels,

ambient temperature, and air mass and also based on a particular application.

Solar arrays can provide speciﬁc amount of electricity under certain conditions.

In order to determine array performance, following factors to be considered:

(i) characterization of solar cell electrical performance (ii) degradation factors

related to array design (iii) assembly, conversion of environmental considerations

into solar cell operating temperatures and (iv) array power output capability. The

following performance criteria determines the amount of PV output.

Power Output Power output is represented in watts and it is the power available at

the charge controller/regulator speciﬁed either as peak power or average power

produced during one day.

Energy Output Energy Output indicates the amount of energy produced during a

certain period of time and it is repr esented in Wh/m

Conversion Efﬁciency It is deﬁned as energy output from array to the energy

input from sun. It is also referred as power efﬁciency and it is equal to power outpu t

from array to the power input from sun. Power is typically given in units of watts

(W), and energy is typical in units of watt-hours (Wh) .

To ensure the consistency, safety and quality of Solar PV system components

and to increase consumer conﬁdence in system performance IEEE, Underwriters

Laboratories (UL), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), AM 0 Sp ec-

trum (ASTM) are working on standards and performance criteria for PV systems.

2.2.1 Balance of System and Applicable Standards

The market access requirements for PV equipment are segmented into safety and

performance. UL is a global leader in energy product testing and certiﬁcation. The

focus of the UL standards is in providing requirements for materia ls, construction

and the evaluation of the potential electrical shock, ﬁre safety hazard and also

testing and certiﬁcation according to the appropriate energy standard. UL certiﬁes

that PV equi pment complies with the safety, environmental and other performance

requirements of the appro priate standards.

IEC focus on the requirements in terms and symbols, testing, design qualiﬁca-

tion and type approval. UL supports manufacturers with the compliance to both the

UL and the IEC requirements. In addition, UL provides balance of systems equip-

ment certiﬁcation to the standards identiﬁed in the diagram. These certiﬁcations

include materials (such as polymeric used for back sheets, encapsulates, and

adhesives), components (like junction boxes and connectors) and end-products

(for example, invert ers and meters). Even though the design of solar PV system

62 2 Application of MATLAB/SIMULINK in Solar PV Systems

components can be done with the help of mathematical calculations or by using

dedicated software, there are certain protocols and standards in selecting the BOS

components which should be adhered to while installing a PV system. The UL

standards used for the corresponding BOS components of the Solar PV system are

as shown in Table 2.1 above.

As these issues might seem insigniﬁcant during the installation, they affect the

system performance, efﬁcienc y, reliability, maintenance cost and aesthetics in the

long run. The BOS components can be divided into the following categories based

on their basic functions: (i) Mounting Structure (ii) Power Conditioning Units (iii)

Cables/Protection devices and (iv) Storage devices.

2.2.1.1 Mounting Structure

The PV module should be designed in such a way that it can withstand rain, hail,

wind and other adverse conditions. The common made mistakes in selection of the

mounting structures are (i) Durability of the design (ii) Tilt angle (iii) Orientation

and (iv) PV array shading. Tilting angle optimally varies the efﬁciency of the solar

PV module so, the mounting structure also serves as a PV module tilting structure

which tilts the PV arrays at an angle determined by the latitude of the site location,

to maximize the solar insolation falling on the panels. The optim um tilt angle

required to maximize the solar insolation changes as the position of the sun varies

every month.

Similarly, shading has a signiﬁcant effect on PV generation. Partial shading can

reduce the system production up to 90 %. Thus, it is essential that the PV arrays to

be installed at a suitable location without any difﬁculties. To identify the shading

levels at any location, software and online tools are available. Some of commonly

used tools are – Sun path, Eco tech, Celeste lite etc. For PV array installation with

multiple rows the shading de-rate factor should account for losses that may occur

when a row shades an adjacent row.

Table 2.1 UL standards used for the BOS components

Description UL standards

PV modules testing and certiﬁcation UL 1703

IEC/EN 61215, IEC/EN 61646

IEC 61730/UL 790 (Fire Test)

UL-SU 8703 (CPV)

Mounting system UL-SU 1703 –A

Tracking system UL-SU 9703

Combiner box UL 1741

Inverter UL 1741

IEC 62109

Batteries UL 1989, UL 2054

UL-SU 2580, UL-SU 1973

2.2 PV Module Performance Measurements 63

评论收藏

内容反馈

版权申诉

我虽横行却不霸道

粉丝: 72
资源: 1万+

Nouveau Archive WinRAR (2).rar_Solar_Z98_matlab pv solar_matlab

最新资源

Nouveau Archive WinRAR (2).rar_Solar_Z98_matlab pv solar_matlab

pv.rar_Solar_pv solar_太阳能_太阳能 matlab_电池板缺陷

Solar-Cell.rar_Solar_matlab solar cell_pv Solar cell_pv cell_sol

pv_2diode_det.rar_Solar_pv cell_solar cell matlab_two diode mode

Nouveau-Archive-WinRAR.rar_capacity

Nouveau WinRAR archive.rar_CODE MATB_fracture

Nouveau Archive WinRAR.rar_co-vec-ind

Nouveau Archive WinRAR.rar_O6X_photovoltaic_photovoltaic system_

Nouveau Document Microsoft Word.rar_matlab

Nouveau-WinRAR-archive.rar_induction machine

Nouveau WinRAR archive (2).rar_FLC _For Real_INDUCTION MOTOR flc

Nouveau-dossier.rar_SAR MATLAB_algorithms_denoise_image denoise

Nouveau dossier.rar_highestpua_patwork

nouveau_gem.rar_GEM

nouveau_connector.rar_Before_edp

nouveau_encoder.rar_Different

nouveau_bios.rar_Table

Nouveau WinRAR ZIP archive_matlab_PSO_zip_

Nouveau Archive WinRAR ZIP_excel_zip_

nouveau_connector.rar_LVDS EDP_LVDS to EDP_The Power_edp

cuda_10.0.130_410.48_linux.run

冰河的渗透实战笔记-冰河.pdf

大灰狼远控2021最新版，解压密码222

J-LINK V10 V11固件.rar

ISO21434.pdf

Web安全漏洞扫描工具-AWVS14

CTF 竞赛入门指南（ctf-all-in-one）.pdf

Web中间件常见漏洞总结.pdf

stm32f103 adc采样+dma传输+fft处理 频率计_fft处理_stm32_ADCFFT_频率计_ADC采样_

jts-1.14.zip

最新资源

stm32f103 adc采样+dma传输+fft处理频率计_fft处理_stm32_ADCFFT_频率计_ADC采样_