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《全球太阳能光伏应用趋势2022》Trends in PV Applications 2022.pdf
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《全球太阳能光伏应用趋势2022》Trends in PV Applications 2022.pdf
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Task 1 Strategic PV Analysis and Outreach
PVPS
TRENDS IN
PHOTOVOLTAIC
APPLICATIONS
2022
WHAT IS IEA PVPS TCP?
The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded in 1974, is an
autonomous body within the framework of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
The Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) was created
with a belief that the future of energy security and sustainability
starts with global collaboration. The programme is made
up of thousands of experts across government, academia,
andindustry dedicated to advancing common research and the
application of specific energy technologies.
The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS)
is one of the TCP’s within the IEA and was established in 1993.
The mission of the programme is to “enhance the international
collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar
energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy
systems.” In order to achieve this, the Programme’s participants
have undertaken a variety of joint research projects in PV power
systems applications. The overall programme is headed by an
Executive Committee, comprised of one delegate from each
country or organisation member, which designates distinct ‘Tasks,’
that may be research projects or activity areas. This report
has been prepared under Task 1, which deals with market and
industry analysis, strategic research and facilitates the exchange
and dissemination of information arising from the overall IEA
PVPSProgramme.
The IEA PVPS participating countries are Australia, Austria,
Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States of
America. The European Commission, Solar Power Europe, the
Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA), the Solar Energy Industries
Association and the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore
are also members.
Visit us at: www.iea-pvps.org
AUTHORS
Main Authors: Gaëtan Masson (Becquerel Institute), Izumi Kaizuka (RTS Corporation).
Analysis: Izumi Kaizuka (RTS Corporation), Elina Bosch, Gaëtan. Masson (Becquerel Institute), Caroline Plaza (BecquerelInstitute
France), Alessandra Scognamiglio (ENEA), Arnulf Jäger-Waldau (EU-JRC), Johan Lindahl (Becquerel Institute Sweden),
EddyBlokken (SERIS).
Data: IEA PVPS Reporting Countries, Becquerel Institute (BE), RTS Corporation (JP) and Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau (EU-JRC),
Forthe non-IEA PVPS countries UNEF (ES). For the other European Union countries: EU-JRC. For floating PV data: SERIS(SG).
For the non-IEA PVPS countries: BSW, UNEF.
Editor: Gaëtan Masson, IEA PVPS Task 1 Manager.
Design: Boheem
DISCLAIMER
The IEA PVPS TCP is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) but is functionally and legally
autonomous. Views, findings and publications of the IEA PVPS TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the
IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries Data for non-IEA PVPS countries are provided by official contacts or experts
in the relevant countries. Data are valid at the date of publication and should be considered as estimates in several countries
due to the publication date.
ISBN ISBN 978-3-907281-35-2: Trends in Photovoltaic Applications 2022.
1
IEA PVPS TRENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS 2022
REPORT SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
The Trends report’s objective is to present and interpret
developments in the PV power systems market and the
evolving applications for these products within this market.
These trends are analysed in the context of the business, policy
and nontechnical environment in the reporting countries.
This report is prepared to assist those who are responsible for
developing the strategies of businesses and public authorities, and
to support the development of medium-term plans for electricity
utilities and other providers of energy services. It also provides
guidance to government officials responsible for setting energy
policy and preparing national energy plans. The scope of the
report is limited to PV applications with a rated power of 40 W or
more. National data supplied are as accurate as possible at the
time of publication. Data accuracy on production levels andsystem
prices varies, depending on the willingness of the relevant national
PVindustry to provide data. This report presents the results of the
25th international survey. It provides an overview of PV power
systems applications, markets and production in the reporting
countries and elsewhere at the end of 2021 and analyses trends in
the implementation of PV power systems between 1992 and 2021.
Key data for this publication were drawn mostly from national
survey reports and information summaries, which were supplied by
representatives from each of the reporting countries. Information
from the countries outside IEA PVPS are drawn from avariety of
sources and, while every attempt is made to ensure their accuracy,
the validity of some of these data cannot be assured with the same
level of confidence as for IEA PVPS member countries.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report has been prepared under the supervision by Task 1 participants. A special thanks to all of them. The report authors also
gratefully acknowledge special support of Eddy Blokken fromSERIS.
IEA PVPS TRENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS 2022
2
FOREWORD
The annual PV market reached 175 GW worldwide in 2021. While
the world was facing the second year of a pandemic and despite
the end-of-year disruptions in Asia, the photovoltaic market
continued growing. Without these drawbacks, it probably could
have reached 200 GW. This is an exceptional result: 945,7 GW of
PV power plants were producing electricity worldwide at the end of
the year, of which around 70% have been installed during the last
five years. Over the years, an increasing number of markets have
started contributing to global PV installations, and 2021 closed with
a record number of new countries installing significant numbers
of PV. The upward trend in module prices observed at the global
level at the end of 2021, related to stress on several raw materials
markets, has not affected the competitiveness and development of
the market. PV’s role in the global transition to low-carbon energy
is confirmed. 1200 TWh are produced annually by PV plants, the
equivalent of the combined annual consumption of Germany,
France, Spain, and Belgium. The PV capacity globally avoided no
less than one billion tons of CO2, equating roughly to 3% of annual
global emissions, which reached 33 Gt in 2021. PV is thus already
a key decarbonization power source.
The rapid decline in PV prices over the past years, despite the
conjectural recent price increase, has enabled PV systems to
achieve competitive prices in several countries. The possibility
of developing photovoltaic systems with limited or no financial
incentives is now an observable reality. Long-term private
contracts (PPA) and the sale of electricity on wholesale markets
have been observed in an increasing number of countries in
2021. This growing competitiveness has also boosted the share
of PV installations operating under self-consumption without any
financial support mechanism. If electricity prices should remain at
the high level experienced in 2022 in several places around the
world in 2022, especially in Europe, the question of competitiveness
would change completely: without any support scheme limitations,
thepotential of the PV market seems virtually unlimited.
With this broader integration, the question of access, management,
and financing of the grid will become a key challenge.
The electrification of the transport sector, as well as storage
capacities and the production of green hydrogen, will increase the
demand for low-carbon electricity. The competitiveness also paves
the way for further integration in buildings, vehicles, infrastructure,
and cross-cutting applications with nearly every energy-consuming
sector. One of the most promising hybrid segments is called
AgriPV, which combines agriculture with energy production.
While still a niche market at this point, AgriPV shows significant
developmentpotential.
The social acceptance of the energy transition is a major issue and is
becoming a key subject for the development of PV. It is multifaceted:
economic, social, societal, and environmental, but also aesthetic.
PV is a major contributor on the road to sustainability: the nature
of the energy transformation, and the acceptance of change are
essential elements in the success of this revolution: dealing with
the number of jobs concerned, the impact on the environment and
the social aspects linked to the development of PV has become
unavoidable. Ensuring a local development of the PV industry and
improving the use of resources is part of the response to the need
for PV to be more virtuous than the energy sources that it replaces.
In 2022, photovoltaic technology has become increasingly
asource of affordable, local, and low-carbon energy. In the context
of geopolitical tensions and resource scarcity, PV could become a
stabilization element, promoting peace through reduced tensions in
energy markets while accelerating the development of the world.
Gaëtan Masson
Manager Task 1
IEA PVPS Programme
Daniel Mugnier
Chair
IEA PVPS Programme
3
IEA PVPS TRENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 2
INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY 5
PV TECHNOLOGY 5
PV APPLICATIONS AND MARKETSEGMENTS 6
METHODOLOGY FOR THE MAIN PV MARKET DEVELOPMENTINDICATORS 8
PV MARKET DEVELOPMENT TRENDS 9
THE GLOBAL PV INSTALLED CAPACITY 9
PV MARKET SEGMENTS 16
EMERGING PV MARKET SEGMENTS 19
OFF-GRID MARKET DEVELOPMENT 22
PV DEVELOPMENT PER REGION 22
POLICY FRAMEWORK 31
PV MARKET DRIVERS AND SUPPORT SCHEMES 33
PROSUMERS AND ENERGY COMMUNITIES’ POLICIES 38
ENERGY TRANSITION POLITICS 40
INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURINGPOLICIES 42
TRENDS IN PV INDUSTRY 43
THE UPSTREAM PV SECTOR 43
THE DOWNSTREAM PV SECTOR 53
SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF PV ANDACCEPTANCE 55
ACCEPTANCE OF PV DEPLOYMENT 55
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION 57
VALUE FOR THE ECONOMY 58
AESTHETICS AND LANDSCAPE 64
COMPETITIVENESS OF PV ELECTRICITY IN 2021 65
MODULE PRICES 65
SYSTEM PRICES 68
COST OF PV ELECTRICITY 70
PV IN THE ENERGY SECTOR 75
PV ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION 75
PV INTEGRATION AND SECTORCOUPLING 79
ANNEXES 81
LIST OF FIGURES 84
LIST OF TABLES 85
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