rstanarm：用于贝叶斯应用回归建模的rstanarm R包

# rstanarm <img src="man/figures/stanlogo.png" align="right" width="120" /> <!-- badges: start --> [](http://cran.r-project.org/package=rstanarm) [](http://cran.rstudio.com/package=rstanarm) [](https://github.com/stan-dev/rstanarm/actions) <!-- badges: end --> ### Bayesian applied regression modeling (arm) via Stan This is an R package that emulates other R model-fitting functions but uses [Stan](http://mc-stan.org) (via the **rstan** package) for the back-end estimation. The primary target audience is people who would be open to Bayesian inference if using Bayesian software were easier but would use frequentist software otherwise. Fitting models with **rstanarm** is also useful for experienced Bayesian software users who want to take advantage the pre-compiled Stan programs that are written by Stan developers and carefully implemented to prioritize numerical stability and the avoidance of sampling problems. Click the arrows for more details: <details><summary>More detail</summary> The **rstanarm** package is an appendage to the **rstan** package, the R interface to [Stan](http://mc-stan.org/). **rstanarm** enables many of the most common applied regression models to be estimated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo, variational approximations to the posterior distribution, or optimization. The package allows these models to be specified using the customary R modeling syntax (e.g., like that of `glm` with a `formula` and `data.frame`). Additional arguments are provided for specifying prior distributions. The set of models supported by **rstanarm** is large (and will continue to grow), but also limited enough so that it is possible to integrate them tightly with the [`pp_check`](http://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/pp_check.stanreg.html) function for graphical posterior predictive checks using [**bayesplot**](http://mc-stan.org/bayesplot) and the [`posterior_predict`](http://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/posterior_predict.stanreg.html) function to easily estimate the effect of specific manipulations of predictor variables or to predict the outcome in a training set. The fitted model objects returned by the **rstanarm** modeling functions are called _stanreg_ objects. In addition to all of the traditional [methods](http://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stanreg-methods.html) defined for fitted model objects, stanreg objects can also be used with the [**loo**](http://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/loo.stanreg.html) package for leave-one-out cross-validation, model comparison, and model weighting/averaging and the [**shinystan**](http://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/shinystan.html) package for exploring the posterior distribution and model diagnostics with a graphical user interface. Check out the **rstanarm** [vignettes](http://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/articles/) for examples and more details about the entire process. </details> <details><summary>Modeling functions</summary> The model estimating functions are described in greater detail in their individual help pages and vignettes. Here we provide a very brief overview: * [__`stan_lm`__, __`stan_aov`__,__`stan_biglm`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_lm.html) Similar to `lm` and `aov` but with novel regularizing priors on the model parameters that are driven by prior beliefs about R-squared, the proportion of variance in the outcome attributable to the predictors in a linear model. * [__`stan_glm`__, __`stan_glm.nb`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_glm.html) Similar to `glm` but with various possible prior distributions for the coefficients and, if applicable, a prior distribution for any auxiliary parameter in a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) that is characterized by a `family` object (e.g. the shape parameter in Gamma models). It is also possible to estimate a negative binomial model similar to the `glm.nb` function in the `MASS` package. * [__`stan_glmer`__, __`stan_glmer.nb`__, __`stan_lmer`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_glmer.html) Similar to the `glmer`, `glmer.nb`, and `lmer` functions (__lme4__ package) in that GLMs are augmented to have group-specific terms that deviate from the common coefficients according to a mean-zero multivariate normal distribution with a highly-structured but unknown covariance matrix (for which **rstanarm** introduces an innovative prior distribution). MCMC provides more appropriate estimates of uncertainty for models that consist of a mix of common and group-specific parameters. * [__`stan_nlmer`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_nlmer.html) Similar to `nlmer` (__lme4__ package) package for nonlinear "mixed-effects" models, but flexible priors can be specified for all parameters in the model, including the unknown covariance matrices for the varying (group-specific) coefficients. * [__`stan_gamm4`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_gamm4.html) Similar to `gamm4` (__gamm4__ package), which augments a GLM (possibly with group-specific terms) with nonlinear smooth functions of the predictors to form a Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM). Rather than calling `lme4::glmer` like `gamm4` does, `stan_gamm4` essentially calls `stan_glmer`, which avoids the optimization issues that often crop up with GAMMs and provides better estimates for the uncertainty of the parameter estimates. * [__`stan_polr`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_polr.html) Similar to `polr` (__MASS__ package) in that it models an ordinal response, but the Bayesian model also implies a prior distribution on the unknown cutpoints. Can also be used to model binary outcomes, possibly while estimating an unknown exponent governing the probability of success. * [__`stan_betareg`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_betareg.html) Similar to `betareg` (__betareg__ package) in that it models an outcome that is a rate (proportion) but, rather than performing maximum likelihood estimation, full Bayesian estimation is performed by default, with customizable prior distributions for all parameters. * [__`stan_clogit`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_clogit.html) Similar to `clogit` (__survival__ package) in that it models an binary outcome where the number of successes and failures is fixed within each stratum by the research design. There are some minor syntactical differences relative to `survival::clogit` that allow `stan_clogit` to accept group-specific terms as in `stan_glmer`. * [__`stan_mvmer`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_mvmer.html) A multivariate form of `stan_glmer`, whereby the user can specify one or more submodels each consisting of a GLM with group-specific terms. If more than one submodel is specified (i.e. there is more than one outcome variable) then a dependence is induced by assuming that the group-specific terms for each grouping factor are correlated across submodels. * [__`stan_jm`__](https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/reference/stan_jm.html) Estimates shared parameter joint models for longitudinal and time-to-event (i.e. survival) data. The joint model can be univariate (i.e. one longitudinal outcome) or multivariate (i.e. more than one longitudinal outcome). A variety of parameterisations are available for linking the longitudinal and event processes (i.e. a variety of association structures). </details> <details><summary>Estimation algorithms</summary> The modeling functions in the **rstanarm** package take an `algorithm` argument that can be one of the following: * __Sampling__ (`algorithm="sampling"`): Uses Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) --- in particular, Stan's implementation of Hamiltonian Mont