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GitHub托管了性剥削技术的源代码,促进了基于图像的性虐待性剥削,并推动了生成式人工智能的危险使用.docx
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GitHub托管了性剥削技术的源代码,促进了基于图像的性虐待性剥削,并推动了生成式人工智能的危险使用.docx
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PATRICK A. TRUEMAN, J.D. | Board Member
President and CEO
DAWN E. HAWKINS
Sr. Vice President & Executive Director
BENJAMIN W. BULL, J.D.
Sr. Vice President & General Counsel
LISA L. THOMPSON
Vice President of Research and Policy
HALEY C. HALVERSON
Vice President & Director, International Centre on
Sexual Exploitation
MARK CROZÉT
Vice President and Director of Development
BOARD MEMBERS
RON DEHAAS | Chairman
Founder & CEO, Covenant Eyes
DAN O’BRYANT, J.D. | Vice Chairman
Former Fellow, Weatherhead Center for International
Affairs, Harvard University
RHONDA GRAFF | Secretary
Former Aerospace Program Manager/industrial Engineer
KEN SUKHIA, J.D. | Treasurer
Trial and Appellate Lawyer, Sukhia Law Group, PLC
HADLEY ARKES, PH.D.
Ney Professor of Jurisprudence, Emeritus,
Amherst College
BETH COONS
Chairman, Farnsworth Companies
JOHN FOUBERT, PH.D.
Dean, College of Education, Union University
ROBERT GEORGE, PH.D.
McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence,
Princeton University
DONALD L HILTON, M.D.
Neurosurgeon, University of Texas - San Antonio
DONNA M. HUGHES, PH.D.
Professor, Carlson Endowed Chair, University of
Rhode Island
AMBASSADOR SWANEE HUNT
Chair and Founder, Hunt Alternatives;
Eleanor Roosevelt Lecturer of Public Policy,
Harvard Kennedy School of Government
MARY ANNE LAYDEN, PH.D.
Director, Sexual Trauma and Psychopathology Program,
University of Pennsylvania
MOST REVEREND PAUL S. LOVERDE
Bishop, Dioceses of Arlington, VA, Retired
SHERRY NILLES
National Regent, Catholic Daughters of the Americas
KINDSEY
PENTECOST
President, ItWorks! International
MARGARET RUCKS
Managing Director, Rucks Family Foundation
ALAN SEARS, ESQ.
Former President and CEO, Alliance Defending Freedom
LINNEA W. SMITH, M.D.
Retired, Psychiatrist
MELEA STEPHENS, L.P.C., M.M.F.T.
Marriage and Family Therapist
CAROLYN WEST, PH.D.
Professor of Clinical Psychology
University of Washington
JUSTICE MICHAEL J. WILKINS
Former Associate Chief Justice, Utah Supreme Court
Established 1962
PATRICK A. TRUEMAN, J.D. | Board Member
President
DAWN E. HAWKINS
Chief Executive Officer
BENJAMIN W. BULL, J.D.
Sr. Vice President & General Counsel
BOARD MEMBERS
RON DEHAAS | Chairman
Founder & CEO, Covenant Eyes
DAN O’BRYANT, J.D. | Vice Chairman
Former Fellow, Weatherhead Center for International
Affairs, Harvard University
RHONDA GRAFF | Secretary
Former Aerospace Program Manager/industrial Engineer
KEN SUKHIA, J.D. | Treasurer
Trial and Appellate Lawyer, Sukhia Law Group, PLC
HADLEY ARKES, PH.D.
Ney Professor of Jurisprudence, Emeritus,
Amherst College
BETH COONS
Chairman, Farnsworth Companies
JOHN FOUBERT, PH.D.
Dean, College of Education, Union University
ROBERT GEORGE, PH.D.
McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence,
Princeton University
DONALD L HILTON, M.D.
Neurosurgeon, University of Texas - San Antonio
DONNA M. HUGHES, PH.D.
Professor, Carlson Endowed Chair, University of
Rhode Island
AMBASSADOR SWANEE HUNT
Chair and Founder, Hunt Alternatives;
Eleanor Roosevelt Lecturer of Public Policy,
Harvard Kennedy School of Government
MARY ANNE LAYDEN, PH.D.
Director, Sexual Trauma and Psychopathology Program,
University of Pennsylvania
MOST REVEREND PAUL S. LOVERDE
Bishop, Dioceses of Arlington, VA, Retired
SHERRY NILLES
National Regent, Catholic Daughters of the Americas
KINDSEY
PENTECOST
President, ItWorks! International
MARGARET RUCKS
Managing Director, Rucks Family Foundation
ALAN SEARS, ESQ.
Former President and CEO, Alliance Defending Freedom
LINNEA W. SMITH, M.D.
Retired, Psychiatrist
MELEA STEPHENS, L.P.C., M.M.F.T.
Marriage and Family Therapist
CAROLYN WEST, PH.D.
Professor of Clinical Psychology
University of Washington
JUSTICE MICHAEL J. WILKINS
Former Associate Chief Justice, Utah Supreme Court
April 28, 2023
Thomas Dohmke
CEO, GitHub
88 Colin P Kelly Jr St
San Francisco, CA 94107
Re: GitHub hosting source code for sexually exploitative
technology, facilitating image-based sexual abuse (IBSA), sexual
exploitation, and promoting the dangerous use of generative-AI
Dear Mr. Dohmke,
We are writing to inform you that the National Center on Sexual
Exploitation—a non-partisan nonprofit organization in Washington,
DC dedicated to addressing the full spectrum of sexual exploitation—
is placing GitHub on the annual Dirty Dozen List featuring 12 major
contributors to sexual exploitation and abuse. The list will be revealed
to the public on May 2.
As the largest code-hosting community
1
globally and the most
prominent code-hosting platform
2
for version control and
collaboration, comprised of over 100 million active developers,
3
GitHub has incredible power and reach. Due to your platform’s open-
sourced design, reporting 413 million open-sourced code
contributions in 2022 alone, GitHub has served as a primary leader in
the democratization of the most recent software developments – such
as with generative AI – and is arguably the most critical space in
which AI tech develops.
4
However, despite moving the tech industry forward in the last decade
and establishing itself as a leader in the democratization of generative
AI, GitHub has also earned itself a title as a significant
contributor to the creation of sexually exploitative technology
5
and has been noted for facilitating the growing crime of image-
based sexual abuse – the capture, creation, and/or sharing of
sexually explicit images without the subject’s knowledge or consent.
GitHub hosts guides, codes, and hyperlinks to sexual deepfake
community forums dedicated to the creation, collaboration, and
commodification of synthetic media technologies, and AI-leveraged
‘nudifiying’ websites and applications that take women’s images and
“strip them” of clothing.
6
Open-sourced repositories dedicated to
2
IBSA thrive on GitHub, allowing users to replicate, favorite (star), and collaborate on sexually exploitative
technology without repercussions.
In 2019, the source code for a ‘nudifying’ bot at the center of a deepfake ecosystem on Telegram that
“stripped” images of more than 104,000 women was found on GitHub. Despite this technology violating
GitHub’s policies and the company reportedly banning the source code and all replications (forks) – the
source code and hundreds of replications remain active on GitHub four years later, continuing to
victimize and traumatize the women depicted in the abusive content.
GitHub has also come under fire from reputable academic researchers. A study by Winter and Salter found
that GitHub allowed sexual deepfakes to “intentionally spread to spaces with limited moderation, which has
allowed the continued creation of non-consensual pornography.”
7
DeepFaceLab,
8
the most popular technology for creating sexual deepfakes (estimated to be used in the
creation of 95% of all sexual deepfakes), is active on GitHub and has been starred over 38 thousand times
and replicated over 8.7 thousand times.
9
Further, DeepFaceLab’s GitHub repository contains direct links to
the most prolific sexual deepfake abuse website in the United States: Mr.DeepFakes.
In addition to the ones cited above, many more repositories dedicated to developing pornography and image-
scraping technology/bots, as well as “save bots” that are frequently used to save sexually explicit and
pornographic images from social media sites, remain rampant on GitHub. Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA)
is occurring at unprecedented rates, and is facilitated by Internet and Communication Technologies – such as
those being developed on GitHub. The online nature of IBSA limits the victim’s ability to escape abuse, as
evidence remains online forever. Once an image is shared, there is no guarantee that it can be removed,
especially with technology further restricting a victim’s ability to remove content, such as save bots. The
technology being developed on GitHub is also part of a new wave of sexual violence. Sexual deepfakes
allow anyone to be targeted and harassed online for something they never did or said.
We know GitHub prides itself on being an educational innovator – providing opportunities for teenagers
(13+) and college students to learn coding and software development. These services are designed to be
connected to learning management systems (LMS) such as Google Classroom.
10
Considering GitHub’s lack
of content moderation and meaningful age verification measures, the significant number of sexually
exploitative and obscene repositories publicly accessible to minors on GitHub is alarming. GitHub does not
age-gate software developments that may be inappropriate for underage users – despite having a population
of 1.9 million students using GitHub Classroom. Further, GitHub defaults all student repositories to public.
11
Teachers/administrators must pay an extra fee to access features to privatize their repositories.
NCOSE recognizes the importance of and supports technological innovation and progress. However,
technological advances must not supersede or come at the cost of people’s safety and well-being.
Technology should be built and developed to fight, rather than facilitate, sexual exploitation and abuse.
GitHub’s emphasis on developer happiness and free speech safety and well-being cannot mean allowing
developers to commit crimes and harm others. By providing a space not only to create, but also to
collaborate on and amplify abuse, GitHub is not only condoning criminal conduct – it is directly contributing
to it.
The exponential growth in innovation and creative solutions offered by artificial intelligence are to be
celebrated. Yet the dizzying advancements bear several intuitive risks to its users and begs the question: Who
bears the brunt? An injustice occurs when the purported benefits of artificial intelligence employed by
3
GitHub are annulled by acute risks and/or demonstrable harms. Humanity may not be close to an ethical
consensus, but at least five ethical principles
12
from the global corpus of principles and guidelines on ethical
AI are clear. These include transparency, justice and fairness, non-maleficence, responsibility, and privacy.
Moreover, artificial intelligence systems learn and make decisions that can have a profound impact on
human dignity and individual autonomy. GitHub’s business model also breaches the ‘legacy’
13
principle
intrinsic to conversations concerning ethics. Rather than being compatible “with scenarios that most humans
today would view as happy,” GitHub ostensibly opts in for scenarios that most humans today “would view
as terrible.”
In recalibrating this imbalance, NCOSE urges GitHub to implement the following changes:
1. Ban private and public repositories dedicated to sexual deepfake, ‘nudifying,’ and AI-
generated pornography software development from GitHub; this includes removing current
repositories and preventing the replication of related repositories for sexually exploitative technology
software development
2. Ban private and public pornography and sexually explicit imagery scraping repositories from
GitHub; this includes removing current repositories and preventing the replication of related
repositories for purposes of pornography and sexually explicit imagery scraping software
development
3. Proactively moderate content and community forums on GitHub
4. Default student repositories to private
5. Implement basic industrywide safety standards: parental controls, teacher/administrative
controls, and age-gate repositories inappropriate for minor-aged users
Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA) is Facilitated on and through GitHub
Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) is a broad term that includes a multitude of harmful experiences, such as
non-consensual sharing of sexual images (sometimes called “revenge porn”), pornography created using
someone’s face without their knowledge (or sexual deepfakes), non-consensual recording or capture of
intimate nude images (including so-called “upskirting” or surreptitious recordings in places such as
restrooms and locker rooms via “spycams”), recording of sexual assault, the use of sexually explicit or
sexualized materials to groom or extort a person (also known as “sextortion”) or to advertise commercial
sexual abuse, and more.
14
Importantly, sexually explicit or sexualized material depicting children ages 0-17 constitutes a distinct class
of material known as child sexual abuse material (CSAM – the more appropriate term for “child
pornography”), which is illegal to knowingly possess, access, reproduce, and distribute under US federal
law. CSAM should not be conflated with IBSA,
15
though the two crimes are closely related.
Although GitHub prohibits sexually explicit content, and has a specific policy banning non-consensual
intimate imagery, “particularly where that content is amplified by its placement in profiles or other social
contexts,”
16
the lack of effective content moderation practices allows sexually exploitative technology and
IBSA to thrive. Although GitHub implements automated detection tools such as PhotoDNA to proactively
scan for child sexual abuse material (CSAM),
17
GitHub fails to implement comprehensive moderation
practices by permitting technology found to have generated CSAM and only moderating for CSAM itself.
18
GitHub hosts three of the most notorious technologies used for synthetic sexually explicit material
(SSEM) abuse: DeepFaceLab, DeepNude, and Unstable Diffusion.
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