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jdk20-hotspot-virtual-machine-garbage-collection-tuning-guide Java Platform, Standard Edition HotSpot Virtual Machine Garbage Collection Tuning Guide-58
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Java Platform, Standard Edition
HotSpot Virtual Machine Garbage Collection
Tuning Guide
Release 20
F71489-01
March 2023
Java Platform, Standard Edition HotSpot Virtual Machine Garbage Collection Tuning Guide, Release 20
F71489-01
Copyright © 2015, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
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Contents
Preface
Audience vii
Documentation Accessibility vii
Diversity and Inclusion vii
Related Documents vii
Conventions viii
1
Introduction to Garbage Collection Tuning
What Is a Garbage Collector? 1-1
Why Does the Choice of Garbage Collector Matter? 1-2
Supported Operating Systems in Documentation 1-3
2
Ergonomics
Garbage Collector, Heap, and Runtime Compiler Default Selections 2-1
Behavior-Based Tuning 2-2
Maximum Pause-Time Goal 2-2
Throughput Goal 2-2
Footprint 2-2
Tuning Strategy 2-3
3
Garbage Collector Implementation
Generational Garbage Collection 3-1
Generations 3-2
Performance Considerations 3-3
Throughput and Footprint Measurement 3-4
4
Factors Affecting Garbage Collection Performance
Total Heap 4-1
Heap Options Affecting Generation Size 4-1
iii
Default Option Values for Heap Size 4-2
Conserving Dynamic Footprint by Minimizing Java Heap Size 4-3
The Young Generation 4-3
Young Generation Size Options 4-3
Survivor Space Sizing 4-3
5
Available Collectors
Serial Collector 5-1
Parallel Collector 5-1
Garbage-First (G1) Garbage Collector 5-1
The Z Garbage Collector 5-2
Selecting a Collector 5-2
6
The Parallel Collector
Number of Parallel Collector Garbage Collector Threads 6-1
Arrangement of Generations in Parallel Collectors 6-2
Parallel Collector Ergonomics 6-2
Options to Specify Parallel Collector Behaviors 6-2
Priority of Parallel Collector Goals 6-3
Parallel Collector Generation Size Adjustments 6-3
Parallel Collector Default Heap Size 6-3
Specification of Parallel Collector Initial and Maximum Heap Sizes 6-4
Excessive Parallel Collector Time and OutOfMemoryError 6-4
Parallel Collector Measurements 6-4
7
Garbage-First (G1) Garbage Collector
Introduction to Garbage-First (G1) Garbage Collector 7-1
Enabling G1 7-2
Basic Concepts 7-2
Heap Layout 7-2
Garbage Collection Cycle 7-3
Garbage Collection Pauses and Collection Set 7-5
Remembered Set 7-5
Collection Set 7-5
Garbage Collection Process 7-6
Garbage-First Internals 7-6
Java Heap Sizing 7-7
Young-Only Phase Generation Sizing 7-7
Space-Reclamation Phase Generation Sizing 7-7
iv
Periodic Garbage Collections 7-8
Determining Initiating Heap Occupancy 7-8
Marking 7-9
Behavior in Very Tight Heap Situations 7-9
Humongous Objects 7-9
Ergonomic Defaults for G1 GC 7-10
Comparison to Other Collectors 7-11
8
Garbage-First Garbage Collector Tuning
General Recommendations for G1 8-1
Moving to G1 from Other Collectors 8-2
Improving G1 Performance 8-2
Observing Full Garbage Collections 8-2
Humongous Object Fragmentation 8-3
Tuning for Latency 8-3
Unusual System or Real-Time Usage 8-3
Reference Object Processing Takes Too Long 8-4
Young-Only Collections Within the Young-Only Phase Take Too Long 8-4
Mixed Collections Take Too Long 8-4
Collections Occur Back to Back 8-5
High Merge Heap Roots and Scan Heap Roots Times 8-5
Tuning for Throughput 8-6
Tuning for Heap Size 8-7
Tunable Defaults 8-7
9
The Z Garbage Collector
Setting the Heap Size 9-1
Setting Number of Concurrent GC Threads 9-1
Returning Unused Memory to the Operating System 9-1
10
Other Considerations
Finalization and Weak, Soft, and Phantom References 10-1
Finalization 10-1
Migrating from Finalization 10-2
The try-with-Resources Statement 10-2
The Cleaner API 10-2
Reference-Object Types 10-4
Explicit Garbage Collection 10-5
Soft References 10-5
v
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