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净零电力—为可再生电网服务的长时储能.pdf
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净零电力—为可再生电网服务的长时储能.pdf
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Net-zero power
Long duration energy storage
for a renewable grid
Published in November 2021 by the LDES Council. Copies of this document are available
upon request or can be downloaded from our website: www.ldescouncil.com.
This report was authored by the LDES Council in collaboration with McKinsey & Company as
knowledge partner. This work is independent, reflects the views of the authors, and has not been
commissioned by any business, government, or other institution. The authors of the report confirm that:
1. There are no recommendations and/or any measures and/or trajectories within the report that
could be interpreted as standards or as any other form of (suggested) coordination between the
participants of the study referred to within the report that would infringe EU competition law; and
2. It is not their intention that any such form of coordination will be adopted.
Whilst the contents of the report and its abstract implications for the industry generally can be
discussed once they have been prepared, individual strategies remain proprietary, confidential and the
responsibility of each participant. Participants are reminded that, as part of the invariable practice of the
LDES Council and the EU competition law obligations to which membership activities are subject, such
strategic and confidential information must not be shared or coordinated – including
as part of this report.
Contents
Acronyms i
About the Long Duration Energy Storage (LDES) Council ii
Preface iii
Executive summary vi
Data collection and benchmarking xi
1. Introduction 1
2. LDES technologies characterization and current status 7
3. Modeling the flexibility needs of future power systems 15
4. Cost analysis 25
5. LDES business cases 35
6. Road to competitiveness and key market enablers 41
Conclusion 46
Appendix A: Methodology 47
Appendix B: Examples of business cases 51
Acronyms
BoP Balance of plant
Capex Capital expenditure
CCS Carbon capture and storage
CO
2
Carbon dioxide
CAES Compressed air energy storage
CSP Concentrated solar power
EV Electric vehicle
Gt CO
2
eq Gigatonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent
GW Gigawatt
GWh Gigawatt-hour
GHG Greenhouse gas
IEA International Energy Agency
IRR Internal rate of return
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
LCOE Levelized cost of electricity
LCOS Levelized cost of storage
Li-ion Lithium-ion
LAES Liquid air energy storage
LDES Long duration energy storage
MEDC More economically
developed countries
MPM McKinsey Power Model
MW Megawatt
MWh Megawatt-hour
NDC Nationally determined
contributions
NPV Net present value
NMC Nickel, Manganese and Cobalt
O&M Operation and maintenance
PV Photovoltaic
PPA Power purchasing agreements
PSH Pumped storage hydropower
RE Renewable energy
R&D Research and development
RTE Round-trip efficiency
TW Terawatt
TWh Terawatt-hour
TAM Total addressable market
T&D Transmission and distribution
WACC Weighted average cost of capital
i Net-zero power: Long duration energy storage for a renewable grid | LDES Council, McKinsey & Company
The LDES Council is a global, CEO-led
organization that strives to accelerate
decarbonization of the energy system at
lowest cost to society by driving innovation
and deployment of long duration energy
storage. Launched at COP26, the LDES Council
provides fact-based guidance to governments
and industry, drawing from the experience of
its members, which include leading energy
companies, technology providers, investors,
and end-users.
With this first report the Council has focused
on the role of LDES solutions in electrical power
systems. In the future, the LDES Council will
provide further insights into the LDES asset
class, power and energy systems and the
broader energy transition. The Council will also
proactively engage with other parties on ways
to accelerate decarbonization of energy systems
in line with the Paris agreement.
The following organizations have announced
the intention of forming the Council and are open
to receive expressions of interest from additional
founding members ahead of the official launch in
early 2022 (Exhibit 1).
The report has been prepared by the members
of the LDES Council in collaboration with
McKinsey & Company as knowledge partner.
Exhibit 1
LDES council members
Equipment manufacturersCapital providers
Low-carbon energy system
integrators & developers
Industry and services customers
Anchors
Technology providers
About the Long Duration
Energy Storage (LDES) Council
iiNet-zero power: Long duration energy storage for a renewable grid | LDES Council, McKinsey & Company
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