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Gap induced mode evolution under the

asymmetric structure in plasmonic resonator

system

YONG-PAN GAO,

TIE-JUN WANG,

CONG CAO,

AND CHUAN WANG

State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and

Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

School of Ethnic Minority Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

*Corresponding author: wangchuan@bupt.edu.cn

Received 25 October 2016; revised 20 January 2017; accepted 23 January 2017; posted 24 January 2017 (Doc. ID 278412);

published 28 February 2017

The modulation of resonance features in microcavities is important to applications in nanophotonics. Based on

the asymmetric whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) in a plasmonic resonator, we theoretically studied the mode

evolution in an asymme tric WGM plasmonic system. Exploiting the gap or nano-scatter in the plasmonic ring

cavity, the symmetry of the system will be broken and the standing wave in the cavity will be tunable. Based

on this asymmetric structure, the output coupling rate between the two cavity modes can also be tuned.

Moreover, the proposed method could further be applied for sensing and detecting the position of defects in

a WGM system.

OCIS codes: (140.3945) Microcavities; (280.4788) Optical sensing and sensors; (140.4780) Optical resonators.

https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.5.000113

1. INTRODUCTION

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are the collective oscillations

of electrons on metal-dielectric interfaces [1,2]. During the

past decades, SPPs have been widely studied due to their

strong electromagnetic (EM) fields and sub-wavelength fea-

tures. In practical application, SPPs can be used as sensors

for chemical and biological analysis [3,4]. The whispering-

gallery modes (WGMs) are waves such as light and sound

that travel around a concave surface. Whispering-gallery waves

were first explained by Rayleigh [5]. With the characteristics

of high-quality factor and small-mode value, the application

and fabrication of optical WGMs turn into a hot point

[6–16]. The study of optical WGMs can be traced back to

the early part of the 20th century [6,7]. Because the quality

factor of the optical whispering-gallery cavity could reach as

high as 10

Q-factor [8–10 ], it could be widely applied in

modern optics, such as particle sensing [11,12], frequency

comb generation [13], and optomechanically induced trans-

parency [14,15]. As a special form of EM waves, much like

the optical modes of a microcavity, a broad continuum of

SPP modes can be observed in WGM modes. Recently, the

high-Q SPP whispering-gallery microcavity was also experi-

mentally achieved [17].

Due to its high quality factor, optical WGM resonators

are extensively studied in sensing technology. In 2007, the

experimental schemes of label-free single molecule detection

were demonstrated [18,19]. In the field of biomedical sensing,

detection on a single virus level was experimentally achieved

based on discrete changes in the resonance frequency/wavelength

of a WGM [20–23]. More recently, based on elastic Rayleigh

scattering, effective sensing on nanoparticles was experimentally

realized at the nanometer level [12,24]. Meanwhile, sensing

based on sub-wavelength plasmonic structures has been widely

studied, such as plasmonic-enhanced WGM sensing [25], plas-

monic chain ring resonators [26], microring plasmonic cavities

[4], and the WGMs of SPPs [27].

In this paper, we theoretically study the gap induced mode

evolution by analyzing the field dynamics of the asymmetric

WGM microresonator in a metal–insulator–metal (MIM)

structure [28–30]. This method can be applied in position

detection and spectrum modulation. Practically, when the

ring-type plasmonic WGM resonator is imperfectly fabricated,

Rayleigh scattering occurs due to the presence of the defect

or the gap. We find the electric field distribution will change

according to the position change of the defect or the gap, so the

position of the defect could be detected.

This paper is organized in four sections. In Section 2,we

present the model and the analytical expressions of the sym-

metric reduced plasmonic WGM system. In Section 3 ,we

numerically analyzed the electric field distribution and solved

Research Article

Vol. 5, No. 2 / April 2017 / Photonics Research 113

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