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Review of hydrologic and hydraulic methods to determine

in stream environmental flow

ONIKPO Claude Randyx Martin

College of hydrology and water resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, P. R. China (210098)

E-mail: bb2r4@yahoo.fr

Abstract

To provide to their lives, humans need water. So it is used for irrigation purposes, energy

(hydropower station), water supply and so on. Then reservoirs, dams and weirs have been

constructed to manage the resource. Unfortunately, the trend has cost a lot in many part of the

globe and waters are been misused. Moreover, the population growth is widening the needs. But

water is not well treated and is loosen quality. As water and streams are related with their

environment fauna and flora subsistence, the ecology is then threatened. Scientist are now

looking for the way to restorate, maintain, environmental flows or prevent the depletion on the

waters. Here are first hand methods that are used to assess the state of the waters. Hydrologic

methods are used where hydrologic records are available. The range of variability approach based

on indicators of hydrologic alteration is a statistical tool that offers a view of the difference

between two states, waters or streams. It gives range on which the flows should varied. The

Tennant method and aquatic base flow method are region specific. But Tennant method

ameliorated by Tessmann is can be used anywhere with some adjustments. The application of the

Wetted-Perimeter and R2Cross methods requires development of a stage-discharge relation for a

riffle and determination of three hydraulic parameters (mean depth, mean velocity, and wetted

perimeter) for a range of flows. Those are hydraulic methods and historic data are useless in

these cases.

Keywords: in stream minimum flow’s methods.

Introduction

“Water is life”, so however hold and manage water is able to do so with life. Unfortunately,

water in hearth is encountering number of dangers. There is now a day a lot of stresses in water

management and the resource is been polluted. All other the world, human beings, have

constructed weirs, dams and such structures to efficiently manage water in accordance to our

needs. Climatologic changes and excessive use have led to lack of quality in water bodies.

Within the streams, the flows are diminishing, the ecological standard are been lost, and even all

the related fauna and flora lives are been endangered. Due to the situation, scientists have found

way to evaluate the damages where streams are already stressed, restore when applicable a

minimum condition and prevent if no harmful operation has taken place. One of those ways is the

determination of minimum in stream flow to provide planners and water policy maker with tools

on which they can act.

In this review, the most used methods are to be briefly explored: the Tennant method, the range

of variability approach method and the aquatic base flow methods, with appear to be hydrologic

methods, followed by the hydraulics ones which are the R2Cross method and wetted perimeter

methods based on parameters given by hydraulic model.

1. Methods for determining instream flow requirements

based on hydrologic records

The Range of Variability Approach (RVA), Tennant, and Aquatic Base Flow (ABF) methods use

statistical measures of discharge time-series values to determine streamflow requirements,

and

require long-term flow records from a streamflow-gaging station. In general, these methods

should be applied to gaged sites only if unregulated daily mean flow data are available, and can

http://www.paper.edu.cn

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be applied to ungaged sites only by regionalizing flow statistics from streamflow-gaging stations

or by simulating natural flows (that is, simulating streamflows without water withdrawals).

1.1 Range of Variability Approach

Current strategies for managing, maintaining, or restoring riverine fishery and aquatic wildlife

resources and processes [1;2] suggest that the native biodiversity and integrity of river

ecosystems can be sustained by maintenance of the natural pattern of flow variability that led to

that diversity. The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration

(IHA) method [3;4] was developed by The

Nature Conservancy to assess the range of variation of discharge for a river. The IHA method

characterizes the range of variation of discharge at a site by use of a suite of 33 hydrologic

indices. A recent study [5] demonstrated that the 33 hydrologic indices used by the IHA method

adequately represent most of the streamflow variation at a given site. Richter and others [3]

developed the RVA, an adaptive-management approach, to define flow-target ranges for river-

ecosystem management for each of 33 IHA flow indices. The

RVA flow ranges were defined as

either 1 standard deviation from the mean flow or the range between the 25th and 75th

percentiles (the IQR) of the mean flow. Because hydrologic data often depart from a normal

distribution, the IQR was selected as the measure of flow variability for this study. The RVA

flow-management targets define a range of flows similar to those that would have occurred

naturally; however, further investigation may be needed to demonstrate whether a flow range

defined by the IQR would be the best range biologically for specific species or life stages of fish.

1.1.1 Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration

Our general approach for hydrologic assessment is first to define a series of biologically relevant

hydrologic attributes that characterize intra-annual variation in water conditions and then to use

an analysis of the inter-annual variation in these attributes as the foundation for comparing

hydrologic regimes before versus after a system has been altered by various human activities.

Because the proposed method results in the computation of a representative, multi-parameter

suite of hydrologic characteristics—or indicators—for assessing hydrologic alteration, we refer

to it as the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) method. The IHA method has four steps:

Define the data series (e.g., stream gauge or well records) for pre- and post-impact periods in the

ecosystem of interest.

Calculate values of hydrologic attributes. We calculate values for each of 32 ecologically

relevant hydrologic parameters (Table 1) for each year in each data series, i.e., one set of values

for the pre-impact data series and one for the post-impact data series.

The 33 RVA statistics

are divided into five general groups (table 1).

Table 1: Range of Variability Approach: flow statistics for characterization of hydrologic variation [1]

IHA Statistic groups Regime characteristic Hydrologic attribute

Magnitude and monthly water

condition

Magnitude and timing Mean for each calendar month

Magnitude and duration of

annual extreme discharge

Magnitude and duration Annual minimum and

maximum for 1-, 3-, 7-, 30-,

and 90-day periods; number

of zero-flow days; 7-day

minimum flow divided by

mean flow for year.

Timing of annual extreme

discharge

Timing Julian date of the annual

minimum and maximum daily

flow

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Frequency and duration of

high and low pulses

Magnitude, frequency and

duration

Number of low-flow and high-

flow pulses per year; mean

duration of low-flow and

high-flow pulses

The rate and frequency of

hydrographic change

Frequency and rate of change Means of all positive and

negative flow differences

between consecutive daily

means; number of flow rises

and falls

Compute inter-annual statistics. We compute measures of central tendency and dispersion for the

32 parameters in each data series, based on the values calculated in step 2. This produces 64

inter-annual statistics for each data series (32 measures of central tendency and 32 measures of

dispersion).

Calculate values of the IHA. We compare the 64 inter-annual statistics between the pre- and post-

impact data series, and we present each result as a percentage deviation of one time period (the

post-impact condition) relative to the other (the pre-impact condition). The method can be used

to compare the state of one system to itself over time (e.g., pre- versus post-impact as just

described), or it can be used to compare the state of one system to another (e.g., an altered system

to a reference system) or current conditions to simulated results based on models of future

modification to a system.

The data we use in estimating all attribute values are daily mean water conditions (e.g., levels,

heads, and flow rates). The same computational strategies will work with any regular-interval

hydrologic data, such as monthly means, but the sensitivity of the IHA method for detecting

hydrologic alteration is increasingly compromised with time intervals longer than a day. Detec-

tion of certain types of hydrologic impacts, such as the rapid flow fluctuations associated with

hydropower generation at dams, may require data from even shorter intervals (e.g., hourly).

1.1.2 Hydrologic Attributes

Hydrologic conditions can vary in four dimensions within an ecosystem (three spatial dimensions

and time). If the spatial domain is restricted to a specific point within a hydrologic system,

however, (such as a measurement point in a river, a lake, or an aquifer), the hydrologic regime

can be defined in terms of one temporal and one spatial dimension: changes in water conditions

(e.g., levels, heads, rates) at a single location over time. Such temporal changes in water

conditions are commonly portrayed as plots of water condition against time, or hydrographs.

Our goal is to characterize the temporal variation of hydrologic conditions using attributes that

are biologically relevant yet sensitive to human influences such as reservoir operations, ground

water pumping, and agricultural diversions. Many attributes of hydrologic regimes can be used to

characterize the "physical habitat templates"[6;7;8;9] or "environmental filters"[10] that shape

the biotic composition of aquatic, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. The IHA method is based on

32 biologically relevant hydrologic parameters divided into five major groups to statistically

characterize intra-annual hydrologic variation (Table 1). These 32 parameters are based upon five

fundamental characteristics of hydrologic regimes:

The magnitude of the water condition at any given time is a measure of the availability or suit-

ability of habitat and defines such habitat attributes as wetted area or habitat volume, or the

position of a water table relative to wetland or riparian plant rooting zones.

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