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Robust watermarking based on DWT and nonnegative matrix factorization

Wei Lu

, Wei Sun

, Hongtao Lu

School of Information Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Information Security Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

article info

Article history:

Received 16 September 2007

Received in revised form 1 July 2008

Accepted 16 September 2008

Available online 5 November 2008

Keywords:

Watermarking

Nonnegative matrix factorization

DWT

abstract

This paper presents a novel blind robust digital image watermarking scheme using non-

negative matrix factorization (NMF) in DWT domain. Firstly, the original image is trans-

formed into some subband coefﬁcients using discrete wavelet transformation (DWT),

and then a Gaussian pseudo-random watermark sequence is embedded in the factorized

decomposition coefﬁcients using NMF. Because of the multiresolution decomposition for

DWT and physically meaningful factorization for NMF, the proposed scheme can achieve

good robustness, which is also demonstrated in the following experiments.

1. Introduction

In the past two decades, digital watermarking technology has been devoted signiﬁcantly, and applied in digital right pro-

tection and authentications widely. On one hand, many different approaches are introduced into digital watermarking, such

as signal processing, pattern recognition, communication theory, etc., which have improved the performance of watermark-

ing. On the other hand, most of the current watermarking schemes are still not applied in practice, since the performance of

these watermarking algorithms is still far away from practical applications, especially for robustness, which is the most

important design target.

These years, a new signal decomposition method is proposed as nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) [1,2], which

decomposes a nonnegative matrix into two physically meaningful nonnegative matrices. This method has been applied in

many signal analysis domain [3], such as frontal face veriﬁcation [4], blind signal separation [5], image classiﬁcation [6].

To our current knowledge, some applications for NMF in digital watermarking have been developed [7–11].In[11], a robust

image watermarking scheme is developed using DWT and NMF, which apply NMF to the blocks of each wavelet decompo-

sition subband, and then is followed by eigendecomposition distortion. This scheme achieves a better visual imperceptibility

and excellent robustness against intentional and geometric attacks. However, this scheme is not blind, that is to say the

watermark detection scheme needs the original cover image that is not provided in most cases. In this paper, we propose

a blind digital image watermarking scheme using NMF in DWT domain based on Spread Spectrum technology. It is blind

and does not need original image in the watermark detection process. Through embedding a pseudo-random sequence in

the NMF coefﬁcient matrix in DWT domain, the watermarking scheme can resist many signal attacks and distortions, and

thus achieve strong robustness.

The rest parts of this paper are organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the NMF process brieﬂy. In Section 3, the

proposed watermarking scheme is described in detail. Then, the experimental results are shown in Section 4. Finally, con-

clusions are given in Section 5.

doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2008.09.004

* Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses: luwei3@mail.sysu.edu.cn (W. Lu), sunwei@mail.sysu.edu.cn (W. Sun), lu-ht@cs.sjtu.edu.cn (H. Lu).

Computers and Electrical Engineering 35 (2009) 183–188

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Computers and Electrical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compeleceng

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