正色散光纤激光器中孤子分子的产生

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948 IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 25, NO. 10, MAY 15, 2013

Generation of Soliton Molecules in a

Normal-Dispersion Fiber Laser

Junsong Peng, Li Zhan, Shouyu Luo, and Qishun S. Shen

Abstract—Though normal-dispersion mode-locked ﬁber lasers

generally work on a single-pulse regime due to the large chirp

of the pulses, we observe bound states of one kind of dissipative

solitons in the laser. The separation between the bounded pulses

in such soliton molecules increases with the pump power, and

also varies with the settings of polarization controllers, which is

consistent with other kinds of bounded pulses such as solitons.

Our study indicates that the bound state of pulses is an intrinsic

feature of mode-locked lasers and is independent of pulse proﬁles,

stimulated by overdriving of mode-locking mechanisms.

Index Terms— Dissipative soliton, ultrafast, mode-locking.

I. INTRODUCTION

ULTIPLE pulses can be formed as a result of over-

driving of mode-locking mechanisms in ultrashort ﬁber

lasers [1]. When multiple pulses are closely spaced, they can

be termed as soliton molecules or bound states. There are

several kinds of DSs observed in mode-locked ﬁber lasers

including square solitons [2]–[4], gain-guided solitons [5] and

so on. Among these, one kind of pulse with a special spectrum

which has a dip in the top and is steep at the edges has

drawn much attention. The pulse was ﬁrstly reported by A.

Chong et al [6]. It is highly chirped in the oscillator with a

large energy, which can be compressed to sub-100 fs outside

the oscillator [7]. Beneﬁting from large chirp, this kind of

DS can contain much larger energy than the ones of solitons

and stretched-pulses. However, pulse peak power is clamped

by mode-locking mechanisms [1]. Thus, it is expected that

soliton molecules involving this kind of DSs should also exist.

Recently, the pulse pairs were observed in a DS laser, but

the two pulses are not bounded [8]. In addition, bound states

of gain-guided solitons [5] and parabolic pulses [9] were

observed. Temporal dynamics evolution of soliton molecules

was studied in the normal-dispersion regime [10].

Here, we report for the ﬁrst time, soliton molecules involv-

ing more than two pulses in a normal-dispersion ﬁber laser.

Manuscript received January 17, 2013; revised March 24, 2013; accepted

April 6, 2013. Date of publication April 12, 2013; date of current version

April 25, 2013. This work was supported in part by the National Natural

Science Foundation of China under Grants 10874118 and 11274231, in part

by the Key Project of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant 109061,

and in part by the Eagle Project of the Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese

Academy of Science. (Corresponding author: L. Zhan.)

The authors are with the Department of Physics and Key Laboratory for

Laser Plasmas, State Key Lab of Advanced Optical Communication Systems

and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

(e-mail: lizhan@sjtu.edu.cn).

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this letter are available

online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/LPT.2013.2257720

PDI

Output

EDF

PC2PC1

Pump 2

Pump 1

WDM

Fig. 1. Experimental conﬁguration of the laser.

In contrast to previous studies in which soliton molecules

can only involve two pulses in the normal-dispersion regime

[5], [9], [10], up to ﬁve pulses are bounded in our study.

Soliton molecules involving more than two pulses have been

reported in dispersion-managed ﬁber lasers [11], [12]. Our

work gives the counterpart in the normal-dispersion regime.

The separation between the bounded pulses increases with

the pump power, and varies with the settings of polarization

controllers, which is consistent with other kinds of bounded

pulses such as solitons [13], [14], stretched-pulses [15] and

similaritons [16]. Our study implies that though DSs can

contain high energy, nonlinearity management is crucial to

further increase single-pulse energy.

II. E

XPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PRINCIPLES

DSs exist in all-normal-dispersion cavities, and also can be

found in dispersion-managed cavities with large net normal

dispersion. We construct an Er-doped ﬁber (EDF) ring laser

with strong net normal dispersion as shown in Fig. 1. The

ring cavity is made of a 250 cm EDF with group veloc-

ity delay (GVD) of −51ps/(nm·km) at 1550 nm (80 dB/m

absorption ratio at 1530 nm), which is bidirectionally pumped

by two 976 nm laser diodes through the wavelength division

multiplexers (WDMs). Note that normal dispersion of the

EDF is crucial for DS generation. A polarization dependent

isolator (PDI) sandwiched with two PCs (PC1 and PC2)

is used as the mode-locking component in the cavity. The

10:90 optical coupler (OC) is used to output the laser. For

reducing anomalous dispersion to guarantee strong net normal

dispersion, the OC is made of dispersion-shifted ﬁber (DSF),

as is the ﬁber wrapped on the two PCs, and the two WDMs

are made of Nufern 980 ﬁber. The GVD parameters of the

ﬁbers are 7(DSF), and 4.5(Nufern 980 ﬁber) ps/(nm·km) at

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