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125 μm fiber based all-optical ultrasound probes

for pulse-echo imaging

Yinlong Zhang (张银龙), Yizhi Liang (梁贻智)*, Long Jin (金龙),

and Baiou Guan (关柏鸥)

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Phot onics

Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China

*Corresponding author: liangyizhi88528@gmail.com

Received January 21, 2019; accepted April 18, 2019; posted online July 4, 2019

All-optical ultrasound probes that contain a photoacoustically-based ultrasound generator paired with a

photonic acoustic sensor provide a promising imaging modality for diagnostic and MRI-compatible applications.

Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a fiber-based all-optical ultrasound probe and its applications in pulse-

echo ultrasound imaging. The ultrasound generator is fabricated on a 125 μm multimode optical fiber by forming

a light-absorbing multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite coating on

its distal end. A peak-to-peak acoustic pressure of 0.95 MPa was achieved with laser irradiation at 2.46 μJby

chemically functionalizing the fiber surface to enable a strong adsorption. Ultrasound reception was performed

by a fiber-laser ultrasound sensor that translates ultrasound pressure into differential lasing-frequency changes.

By linearly scanning the probe, ex vivo two- and three-dimensional imaging of a segment of swine

trachea was demonstrated by detecting the echo ultrasound signals and reconstructing the acoustic scatterers.

The probe presents axial and lateral resolutions at 150 and 62 μm, respectively. The small-sized, side-looking

all-fiber ultrasound probe presents a promising approach for assembling an interventional endoscopy.

OCIS codes: 060.2370, 110.5125, 110.7170.

doi: 10.3788/COL201917.070604.

Pulse-echo ultrasound imaging has been widely used

in biomedical applications, particularly for clinical

diagnostics

[1,2]

. In current imaging instrumentation, an

ultrasound transducer array generates ultrasonic pulses

and subsequently detects pulse-echo signals that contain

information on the elastic contrasts of the samples and

their positions. However, the detection bandwidths and

vision angles of the piezoelectric transducers are somewhat

limited (typically 1 to 5 MHz in bandwidth and 40° in vi-

sion angle). As a result, the spatial resolution is rather lim-

ited and vertical structures can be hardly visible.

Recently, the development of all-optical ultrasound devi-

ces has attracted increasing interest. Optical ultrasound

generators based on the photoacoustic effect can provide

comparable or even higher ultrasound pressure and much

wider bandwidths that are required to achieve a high

sensitivity and spatial resolution in pulse-echo imaging.

Light-absorbing materials and membranes are formed

on a transparent substrate, where the absorption of pulsed

or amplitude-modulated light results in localized heating

and its translation into ultrasonic waves

[3,4]

. A number of

absorbers including carbon-based nanofibers, nanotubes,

and graphene oxide have been employed, and covered with

highly thermally expandable polymers for efficient trans-

lation of heat into sound waves

[5–7]

. One distinct advantage

of optical ultrasound excitation is that the acoustic source

geometry can be flexibly controlled. For example, geomet-

ric focusing with a high numerical aperture can be easily

achieved by constructing a concave absorbing surface

[8,9]

Mechanically scanning the pulse laser beam over the

individual cores of a fiber bundle or over a geometrically

extended absorption membrane can synthesize a desired

source array

[10,11]

. On the other hand, optical ultrasound

detection has been demonstrated based on free-space

optical interferometry or acoustically induced deflection/

polarization variation of the light beam

[12–15]

. Mini- or

micro-scaled sensors have also been developed with

high-finesse Fabry–Perot or ring shaped, acoustically

deformable cavities

[16,17]

. Recently, high-sensi tivity ultra-

sonic detection with optical fibers has been reported by

using phase-shifted fiber gratings, on-tip optical microcav-

ities, and lasers

[18–20]

. Pulse-echo biomedical imaging has

been demonstrated by pairing the optical ultrasound gen-

erator and detector

[10,11,16,17,19]

Now the question is how to develop an all-optical ultra-

sound probe based on optical fiber technology toward min-

iatured imaging instrumentation and micro-endoscopy.

The challenges include how to build a sufficiently strong

acoustic source with a limited laser-irradiated area as

well as a highly sensitive fiber optic sensor. Attempts have

been made by using a fiber bundle as a synthesized acoustic

source array paired with a fiber optic sensor

[11]

.However,

the fiber bundle is typically several millimeters in diameter,

much thicker than the sensor. In this work, we present an

all-optical ultrasound probe by using optical fibers with

ordinary sizes (125 μm in diameter). Light-absorbing car-

bon-nanotube-polymer composites are efficiently dip-

coated on the distal end of a multimode fiber for

efficient ultrasound generation (maximal acoustic pressure:

0.95 MPa). All-fiber ultrasound probe is formed by pairing

COL 17(7), 070604(2019) CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS July 2019

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