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Biological municipal wastewater nutrients removal in

anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) sequencing batch

reactor: effect of organic carbon source addition

Zheng Xiong, Li Hongjing, Tong Juan, Chen Yinguang

State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and

Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai (200092)

Email: yg2chen@yahoo.com

Abstract

The effect of addition of organic carbon sources (acetic acid and waste activated sludge alkaline

fermentation liquid) on anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen, 0.15-0.45 mg/L) biological

municipal wastewater treatment was investigated. The results showed that carbon source addition

affected not only the transformations of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), glycogen, nitrogen and

phosphorus, but the net removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. The removal efficiencies of TN and TP

were respectively 61% and 61% without organic carbon source addition, 81% and 95% with acetic acid

addition, and 83% and 97% with waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid addition. It

seems that the alkaline fermentation liquid of waste biosolids generated in biological wastewater

treatment plant can be used to replace acetic acid as an additional carbon source to improve the

anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) municipal wastewater nutrients removal although its use was

observed to cause a slight increase of effluent BOD and COD concentrations.

Keywords: Anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen); nitrogen and phosphorus removal; municipal

wastewater; alkaline fermentation liquid; waste activated sludge

1. Introduction

As the key nutrients of causing eutrophication, nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents are enforced

to remove from wastewater in many countries. The treatment of wastewater by biological technology

has been widely adopted because of its easily operation and low pollution generation. It is well

known that the efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus removal are affected by the available

biodegradable organic carbon, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The concentration of SCFAs

in municipal wastewater, however, is usually not very high, which might affect biological nitrogen and

phosphorus removal (BNPR) process. Thus, extra organic carbon addition is required for satisfied

nutrients removal and low effluent nutrients levels (Chae et al., 2004; Dytczak et al., 2007; Elefsiniotis

et al., 2004; Kampas et al., 2009; Lim et al., 2008a,b; Thomas et al., 2003).

During BNPR, the anaerobic and aerobic stages are usually included. In a conventional BNPR

process, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, which is not controlled in the aerobic phase, is

usually around 2 mg/L. Recently, several studies reported that both nitrogen and phosphorus can be

removed in an anaerobic-aerobic (low DO, less than 1 mg/L) sequencing batch reactor (de Kreuk et al.,

2005; Zeng et al., 2003). In this new BNPR, the DO level is controlled below 1 mg/L, and

simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus uptake are observed, which results in less air

supply and lower organic carbon demand for nitrogen and phosphorus removal compared with the

conventional BNPR process.

In a previous study we observed that the ratio of propionic to acetic acid in wastewater gave

impact on the anaerobic-aerobic (low DO, 0.15 ~ 0.45 mg/L) phosphorus and nitrogen biological

removal (Li et al., 2008). Using the synthetic wastewater as the influent, it has been observed that the

change of propionic/acetic acid ratio did not significantly affect the ammonium nitrogen (NH

-N)

removal, but both phosphorus and total nitrogen (TN) removal were improved with the increase of

propionic/acetic acid ratio.

Nevertheless, as seen from the literature all the studies regarding the anaerobic-aerobic (low DO)

process have focused on the synthetic wastewater with sufficient SCFAs (acetic acid or its mixture with

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propionic acid) as the main carbon source. The treatment of municipal wastewater with low influent

COD in anaerobic-aerobic (low DO) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) has not been reported, and how to

enhance municipal wastewater phosphorus and nitrogen removal has also not been documented.

It was observed in our previous study that during waste activated sludge (WAS) fermentation at

pH 10.0 the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids was much higher than that at other pHs (Yuan et al.,

2006). If the WAS alkaline fermentation liquid were used as an additional carbon source of municipal

wastewater, the influent COD, especially SCFAs would be increased, which would lead to the

improvement of anaerobic-aerobic (low DO) biological treatment performance and reuse of waste

biosolids.

In this paper, the treatment of municipal wastewater in anaerobic-aerobic (low DO) SBR was

investigated. In order to improve the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus, the WAS

alkaline fermentation liquid and acetic acid were respectively added to the influent of municipal

wastewater, and their effects on the anaerobic-aerobic (low DO) SBR performance were compared.

As there was a great deal of NH

-N and soluble ortho-phosphorus (SOP) in WAS alkaline

fermentation liquid (Chen et al., 2007), the recovery of NH

-N and SOP was conducted before the

alkaline fermentation liquid was used as the supplementary carbon source.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Municipal wastewater and sludge

Both the municipal wastewater and sludge were obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment

plant in Shanghai, China, which was operated with an anaerobic-aerobic biological nutrient removal

configuration. The wastewater used in this study was from the outlet of the primary sedimentation

tank, and its main characteristics are as follows: pH 7.4 ~ 7.6, TCOD (total chemical oxygen demand)

170 ~ 210 mg/L, SCOD (soluble chemical oxygen demand) 132 ~ 165 mg/L, NH

-N 25 ~ 35 mg/L,

TN (total nitrogen) 28 ~ 38 mg/L, SOP 2.8 ~ 4.8 mg/L and TP (total phosphorus) 3.0 ~ 5.5 mg/L. The

inoculum sludge for anaerobic-aerobic (low DO) SBR and the WAS used in alkaline fermentation were

from the secondary sedimentation tank. Before the alkaline fermentation, the WAS was concentrated

by settling at 4

C for 24 h, and its main characteristics after settlement are: pH 6.8, TSS (total

suspended solids) 12302 mg/L, VSS (volatile suspended solids) 9991 mg/L, SCOD 128 mg/L, TCOD

15802 mg/L, carbohydrate 1194 mg COD/L, protein 10701 mg COD/L, and lipid and oil 177 mg

COD/L.

2.2 Short-chain fatty acids production by WAS alkaline fermentation

The fermentation of WAS at pH 10.0 to produce short-chain fatty acids was conducted according

to the procedure described previously (Yuan et al., 2006). The detailed procedure was as follows.

After settled at 4

C for 24 h, the waste activated sludge was fed into the reactor which was

mechanically stirred at a speed of 80 rpm (revolutions per minute) and maintained at a

temperature-controlled room (20 ~ 22

C). The pH of the whole fermentation process was maintained

at 10.0, by adding 2 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or 2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). After 8 days

fermentation, the mixture enriched with SCFAs was centrifugated at 100 g for 10 min, and the

supernatant was collected for NH

-N and SOP recovery.

2.3 Phosphorus and nitrogen recovery from alkaline fermentation liquid

Before the alkaline fermentation liquid was added to municipal wastewater, its nitrogen and

phosphorus released during WAS fermentation were simultaneously recovered by struvite

(MgNH

·6H

O, MAP) precipitation at pH 10.0. For the formation of MAP, as seen in Eq. (1),

, NH

and PO

are required. It was demonstrated in our previous work that the released

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