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Runtime Model based Approach to Using Hybrid PaaS

Services

Yizhou Wang

1,2

, Aipeng Li

1,2

, Xing Chen

1,2,+

, Ying Zhang

3,4

, Gang Huang

3,4

1 College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China

2 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Networking Computing and Intelligent Information Processing

3 Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Ministry of Education)

4 School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

+ E-mail: chenxing@fzu.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Cloud computing has emerged as a new paradigm for services

delivering over the Internet. In this growing market, PaaS

(Platform-as-a-Service) cloud has been an important model

allowing a simple and flexible deployment of applications,

without the need for dedicated networks, servers, storage and

other services. Many PaaS services have been provided in the past

few years and it is required to use hybrid PaaS services in order to

satisfy management requirements such as legacy system

integration and dynamic resource scaling. However, there are

various management interfaces and different management

mechanisms among PaaS clouds, which cause great difficulty and

high complexity to application deployment in a hybrid cloud. In

this paper, we present a runtime model based approach to using

hybrid PaaS services. First, the manageability of PaaS services is

abstracted as runtime models that are automatically connected

with the corresponding systems. Second, we provide a unified

model of PaaS services, according to the domain knowledge of

current PaaS clouds. Third, the synchronization between the

unified model and runtime models is ensured through model

transformation. Thus, administrators are able to use hybrid PaaS

services in a unified manner and management logic can be also

carried out by executing programs on the unified model, which

decreases the difficulty and complexity of hybrid cloud

management.

Keywords

PaaS Service, Hybrid Cloud Management, Models at Runtime.

1. INTRODUCTION

With the development of cloud computing, many PaaS(Platform

as a Service) services and products have been provided in the past

few years, including public cloud services like Google App

Engine [1], and open source PaaS products like Cloud Foundry

[2]. These PaaS clouds can support different types of applications

such as Java and PHP, and provide some extended services such

as database and mail. In order to satisfy management requirements

such as cross-domain resource provision, legacy system

integration and dynamic resource scaling, it is required to use

hybrid PaaS services in some scenarios. However, there are

various management interfaces and different management

mechanisms among PaaS clouds, which may cause great difficulty

and high complexity to application deployment in a hybrid cloud.

This obstacle can be broken into two parts.

On one hand, there are various management interfaces among

PaaS services. Their method names, input parameters and

execution effects are different from each other, which increases

the complexity of using hybrid PaaS services.

On the other hand, each of PaaS services has its own management

mechanism. There are differences in resource classification,

organization and features among PaaS clouds. Administrators

have to be familiar with these management mechanisms which

increases the difficulty of application deployment in a hybrid

cloud.

Actually, using hybrid PaaS services is aimed to construct and

manage a hybrid PaaS cloud through invoking management

interfaces provided by different PaaS clouds. For instance,

administrators deploy the application on both a private PaaS cloud

based on Cloud Foundry and Baidu App Engine [3]; in order to

satisfy the requirement of dynamic resource scaling, they need to

develop management programs to ensure that extra resources will

be automatically added when the application load is high.

However, these management programs can cause high

programming efforts and costs. Administrators first have to be

familiar with the APIs provided by PaaS clouds and then build

programs upon them, which is not easy due to diversity of PaaS

services. In these management programs, proper APIs have to be

chosen for use and different types of APIs must be interoperable

with each other. Such tedious work is not the core of the

management logic compared with the analyzing and planning

related codes, but it has to be done to make the whole

management program run effectively. During this procedure, the

underlying APIs as well as the collected low-level data can

sometimes exhaust and frustrate developers. Furthermore, as the

programs are built on code that directly connects to PaaS services,

they are not easy to reuse.

Software architecture acts as a bridge between requirements and

implementations [4]. It describes the overall structure of a

software system with a collection of managed elements and can be

used to reduce the complexity and cost resulting from the

difficulties faced by understanding large-scale complex software

systems [5]. Modeling the system architecture is a natural

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for

personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are

not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies

bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for

components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.

Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to

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and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org.

Internetware '16, September 18 2016, Beijing, China

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2993717.2993719

approach to getting a better understanding of the problem domain.

Runtime architecture based model is a dynamic and structural

abstract of the running system, which describes the elements of

current system, the state of these elements, and the relation

between them. With the help of runtime models, administrators

can obtain a better understanding of their systems and write

model-level programs for management. In order for system

administrators to monitor and control the system through reading

and editing the architecture, runtime model has a causal

connection with the running system: any states of the running

system can be monitored by the runtime model, and any changes

to the runtime model can be applied on the running system [6][7].

This has been adopted in the runtime management of software

systems [8][9][10].

In this paper, we present a runtime model based approach to using

hybrid PaaS services, in order to deploy the application onto the

hybrid PaaS cloud and manage the runtime environment more

efficiently, as shown in Figure 1. First, the manageability of PaaS

services is abstracted as runtime models. The runtime models of

PaaS services can be used in different management scenarios, but

its construction is a one-off work. Second, a unified model of

PaaS services is provided according to the domain knowledge of

current PaaS clouds platforms, such as Cloud Foundry, Google

App Engine and Baidu App Engine. Third, the synchronization

between the unified model and runtime models is ensured through

model transformation. In our approach, administrators are able to

use hybrid PaaS services in a unified manner and develop model-

level management programs, so the workload of hand coding can

be greatly reduced. As an additional contribution, we apply the

runtime model-based framework to a real hybrid cloud.

Figure 1. view of the runtime model based to using hybrid

PaaS services

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces

runtime models of PaaS services. Section 3 presents the united

model of PaaS services. Section 4 describes model transformation

from the unified model to runtime models. Section 5 illustrates a

case study and reports the evaluation. Section 6 discusses related

works. Section 7 concludes this paper and indicates our future

work.

2. RUNTIME MODEL OF PAAS SERVICES

There are various management interfaces among PaaS services.

Thus, we construct runtime models of PaaS services in order to

use them at model level. This is done easily with the help of

SM@RT (Supporting Models at Run Time) [11][12], which is a

model-driven framework that supports model-based runtime

system development.

SM@RT consists of a domain-specific modeling language

(SM@RT language) and a code generator (SM@RT generator).

SM@RT language allows developers to specify: (1) the structure

of the target system and the manageable elements using a meta-

model; (2) how to manipulate system elements and invoke the

system API via an access model. Using these two models, the

SM@RT generator can automatically generate the

synchronization engine to reflect PaaS resources to the runtime

model. The synchronization engine not only enables any states of

PaaS resources to be monitored by the runtime model, but also

enables any changes to the runtime model to be applied on PaaS

resources. Thus we can manage PaaS resources through

operations on the runtime model, and these operations will

propagate to underlying systems.

3. A UNIFIED MODEL FOR PAAS

SERVICES

In order to use hybrid PaaS services in a unified manner, we

propose a unified model of PaaS services according to the domain

knowledge of current PaaS clouds. PaaS users need to control

over the deployed applications and possibly configuration setting

for the application-hosting environment. The unified model

provides a management view to them. The model elements

describe runtime information about different types of PaaS

resources, and the model operations describe different types of

management operations upon the resources. Figure 2 shows the

main elements in the unified model. There are generally two types

of resources provided by PaaS clouds, including services and

appliances [13].

On one hand, element Services describes the list of PaaS services

such as cluster services and database services, which provide

configurable advanced functions. The most important one is the

cluster service. Element CService describes the basic information

about the cluster service and it contains several types of elements

which are used to create a application cluster. Element Domain

describes the domain names which can be used by the cluster.

Element Image describes the software stack of instance in the

cluster including operating systems, language packages and

middleware software components. Element Flavor describes the

hardware resources of instance in the cluster, such as CPU,

memory and disk. Element Cluster describes information about

the created cluster and it contains a list of Instance elements

which describe runtime information about the instances of the

cluster. Another important service is the database service. Element

DBService describes the basic information about the database

service and it contains two types of elements which are used to

create a database. Element DBPlan describes configuration

parameters of the database. Element DB describes information

about the created database such as resource utilization. There are

other alternative services such as the mail service and the map-

reduce service, which can be added to the unified model

according to requirements.

On the other hand, element Appliances describes the list of PaaS

appliances which provide configurable system containers with

middleware software components. Element Image and ServerType

describe configurations of software stack and hardware resources

of appliances. Element Network describes information about the

subnet and it contains a list of public IP addresses which can be

mapped to internal IP addresses in the subnet. Element Nic

describes the virtual network card which can be added to the

appliance. There are different types of appliance elements and all

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