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根据所提供的文件信息，以下是关于“片上混合解复用器，用于模式和粗波分复用”的知识点详细介绍： 1. 片上混合解复用器概念：片上混合解复用器是集成在单个芯片上的设备，它能够同时处理两种不同的信号复用技术，即模式复用（Mode Division Multiplexing, MDM）和粗波分复用（Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing, CWDM）。该技术的目的是提升光通信系统的传输容量。 2. 应用背景：当前的光通信系统主要工作在单模系统，波分复用（Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM）技术已经被用来增强传输容量。然而，随着光纤传输容量接近香农极限，空间复用技术（Space Division Multiplexing, SDM）受到了越来越多的关注。SDM发展的主要应用是多芯光纤（multicore fiber）和少模光纤（few-mode fiber）。 3. 技术实现：研究者提出了一个基于绝缘体上硅（Silicon-on-Insulator, SOI）纳米线和光子晶体（Photonic Crystal, PhC）基板的片上混合解复用器。其核心是基于PhC板的V型波导-腔体-波导滤波器。通过引入谐振模式的耦合来抑制与纳米线连接时产生的串扰。随后，研究者将这种滤波器串联优化，构成粗波分解复用器。通过将PhC板上的粗波分解复用器与SOI纳米线上的模式解复用器相结合，构成了混合解复用器。 4. 解复用器的设计和参数计算：混合解复用器的参数是通过三维有限差分时域（3D-FDTD）方法计算得到的。研究结果表明，该解复用器能够解复用1530nm和1550nm波长的基模（TE0）和一阶模（TE1）。 5. 技术性能：解复用器的插入损耗小于2.0dB，通道串扰小于-25dB。这样的性能指标表明，该混合解复用器非常适合应用于同时使用模式复用和粗波分复用的系统中。 6. 解决方案的特点：提出的解决方案通过结构设计和参数优化，有效解决了纳米线与光子晶体基板连接时产生的串扰问题。这种设计不但提升了信号处理的效率，也提高了光通信系统的总体性能。 7. 相关技术的对比：研究中提到的其他片上WDM设备包括基于阵列波导光栅（Arrayed Waveguide Gratings, AWG）的设备，但本文所提出的基于PhC和SOI纳米线的混合解复用器在性能上有其独特的优势。总结来说，该研究提出的片上混合解复用器技术，不仅结合了模式复用和粗波分复用的优势，提高了光通信系统的容量，还通过技术创新有效降低了串扰，提高了信号传输的清晰度和效率。这项技术的应用前景广阔，有望在未来的光通信领域得到广泛应用。

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Vol.:(0123456789)

1 3

Applied Physics B (2019) 125:12

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-018-7123-6

On‑chip hybrid demultiplexer formode andcoarse wavelength

division multiplexing

YuyangZhuang

1,2

· HemingChen

· KeJi

1,2

· YuchenHu

1,2

Received: 15 July 2018 / Accepted: 15 December 2018

Abstract

We propose a hybrid demultiplexer for mode and coarse wavelength division multiplexing on silicon-on-insulator (SOI)

nanowires and photonic crystal (PhC) slab. First, a V-shape waveguide–cavity–waveguide ﬁlter based on PhC slab is pre-

sented. Coupling of resonant modes is introduced to the ﬁlter to suppress the crosstalk caused by connection with nanow-

ires. Then, we cascade and optimize the ﬁlter to compose a coarse wavelength division demultiplexer. After that, a hybrid

demultiplexer is constructed by combining the coarse wavelength division demultiplexer on PhC slab and mode division

demultiplexer on SOI nanowires. The parameters of the hybrid demultiplexer are calculated using three-dimensional ﬁnite-

diﬀerence time-domain (3D-FDTD) method. The numerical results show that the fundamental transverse electric (

)

modes and the ﬁrst-order TE (

) modes of 1530 nm and 1550 nm can be demultiplexed. The insertion loss is smaller than

2.0 dB, and the channel crosstalk is less than − 25 dB. The hybrid demultiplexer can be applied in a system that using mode

and coarse wavelength division multiplexing simultaneously.

1 Introduction

Current optical communication works mostly in single-mode

system. The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has

been a key technology utilized to enhance transmission

capacity. With the transmission capacity of optical ﬁber

approaching to Shannon limit, space division multiplexing

(SDM) [1, 2] has received increasing attention, trying to

improve the capacity further. The development of SDM is

mainly embodied in the application of multicore ﬁber [3]

and few-mode ﬁber [4]. Similarly, the on-chip hybrid multi-

plexing system combining WDM and mode division multi-

plexing (MDM) technologies has also become the research

focus.

There are many types of on-chip WDM devices, such

as those based on arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) [5],

micro-ring resonators (MRR) [6], and photonic crystal res-

onators (PCR) [7, 8], etc. Although AWG has been com-

mercialized, the footprint of it is much larger than that of

the latter two, thus, MRR and PCR are more suitable for

ultrasmall photonic integrated devices in the future. Com-

pared with MRR, PCR has a larger transmission bandwidth

given its special transmission mechanism. Hence, PCR is

more suitable for CWDM system, while MRR is known to

be limited by its free spectral range (FSR). For example, a

micro-ring with a radius of 6.735

μm

only has an FSR of

16 nm [6]. Similarly, there are also several on-chip MDM

devices brought up in recent years, including those based

on adiabatic mode evolution (AME) [9], multi-mode inter-

ference (MMI) [10], y-junctions [11, 12], and asymmetric

directional couplers (ADC) [13, 14]. Among them, the trans-

mission capacity of MMI is limited. In addition, the designs

of AME and y-junctions have always been complex. Com-

pared with them, ADC is a better choice for the design of

on-chip MDM devices, because it has a simpler structure.

Moreover, it is much easier to be extended.

Hybrid demultiplexers could be constructed by cascading

WDM and MDM devices. Here, we take ADC-type MDM,

for example, on account of the superiority of ADC. Mulug-

eta [15] proposed an ADC–MMI type MDM–WDM device,

which can demultiplex the fundamental and first-order

modes of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Although the size of the

* Heming Chen

chhm@njupt.edu.cn

Department ofElectronic andOptical Engineering,

Nanjing University ofPosts andTelecommunications,

Nanjing210023, China

Department ofMicroelectronics, Nanjing University ofPosts

andTelecommunications, Nanjing210023, China

Bell Honors School, Nanjing University ofPosts

andTelecommunications, Nanjing210023, China

Y.Zhuang et al.

1 3

12 Page 2 of 9

device is small, only 6

μm × 100 μm

, the number of wave-

length demultiplexed is limited by the MMI structure. Other

types of hybrid demultiplexers do not have this problem,

such as an ADC–AWG type proposed by Wang [16]. It can

demultiplex four modes of 16 wavelengths, sixty-four chan-

nels in total. However, the size of the device is large, about

1961 μm × 2986 μm

, which is led by the large size of AWG.

To reduce the size, Tan [17] proposed an ADC–MRR type,

which can demultiplex four modes of eight wavelengths.

The size of it is only 250

850

μm

, about 1/28 of the

ADC–AWG type. However, it has a defect that its FSR is

only 27 nm. That means, this type of hybrid demultiplexer

only can be applied in dense wavelength division multiplex-

ing (DWDM) system. An ADC–PCR-type device proposed

by Ji [18] solved this problem to a certain extent. The hybrid

demultiplexer consists of square lattice of silicon rods, which

can demultiplex two modes of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The

device has a large FSR of around 300 nm. However, PhCs

with air holes are more often used compared with silicon

rods. The method [19] utilized in silicon rods is invalid in

air holes, because total internal reﬂection (TIR) eﬀect and

photonic bandgap (PBG) eﬀect exist at the same time in the

latter one. Therefore, a proposal of mode hybridization for

PhCs with air holes needs to be proposed.

This paper presents an MDM–WDM device based on SOI

nanowires and PhC slab with air holes, which belongs to

the PCR–ADC type essentially. A narrow waveguide with

unilateral variation is introduced to the PCR-type ﬁlter. It

can reduce the inﬂuence on the resonant wavelength of the

resonator. Therefore, it is easier to design resonant cavities.

In addition, the narrow waveguide changes the resonant

wavelength of the resonant mode in the PhC waveguide.

The resonant mode is called band-edge mode, which is

excited by the connection with nanowires. When the width

of the narrow waveguide is adjusted, the band-edge mode

can be coupled with cavity mode. It not only suppresses the

crosstalk brought by the coupling of band-edge modes, but

also leads to a ﬂat top of spectral line. Then, for the ﬁrst

time, we combine the WDM device on PhC slab and the

MDM device on SOI nanowires. The MDM–WDM device

can demultiplex

modes and

modes of 1530 nm and

1550 nm simultaneously. Here, only TE modes are consid-

ered because of the transmission mechanism of PhC slab

waveguide. The insertion loss is around 2.0 dB, the channel

crosstalk is less than − 25 dB. The size of the whole device

is about

20μm × 80 μm

2 Theoretical model andanalysis

The theoretical model of the device presented is drafted in

Fig.1. It is composed of ﬁve parts (namely, A–E). Among

them, A–C constitute the ADC-type MDM module, while D

and E constitute the PCR-type WDM module. In the MDM

module, A is a multi-mode area. Here,

modes and

modes of

𝜆

(blue) and

𝜆

(red) transmit in the waveguide at the

same time. The phase-matching area is labelled as B, where

the

mode transmitting in the multi-mode waveguide will

be coupled to the single-mode waveguide, and at the same

time converted to

mode due to phase-matching. However,

the

mode transmitting in the multi-mode waveguide still

remains the form of fundamental mode. C is a transitional area,

where there is no coupling. The only change is that the ﬁeld of

mode in the upper waveguide is narrowed compared to the

original one. In the WDM module, heterostructures [20, 21]

are employed. Therefore, the ﬁlters in D and E can download

diﬀerent wavelength of light. When the wavelength of inci-

dent light is consistent with the resonant wavelength of cavities

(marked by circles), incident light will be tunneled to diﬀerent

downloading waveguides. In the following section, we focus

on the principle of the PCR-type ﬁlter mentioned above.

The principle of the ﬁlter in Fig.2 is as follows.

-like

mode is input from Port

. When the wavelength of incident

light is consistent with the resonant wavelength of the cavity,

the incident light will be trapped by the cavity and tunneled to

the drop waveguide, then output from Port

−4

. In Fig.2, the

waveguides marked by deep blue represent PhC narrow wave-

guides. They reﬂect a speciﬁc range of light [22]. The width

of narrow waveguides is adjusted, so that incident light can

be reﬂected. Hence, the original model of the ﬁlter in Fig.2a

can be simpliﬁed to a waveguide–cavity–waveguide model, as

illustrated in Fig.2b.

and

−i

represent the amplitudes of

inputting and outputting waves, respectively. a is the amplitude

of the cavity mode.

𝛾

denotes damping factor. Assume that

𝛾

= 𝛾

(i = 1, 2) because of symmetry. The resonant frequency

𝜔

. Based on coupled mode theory (CMT), the equations for

the evolution of the cavity mode in time and the amplitudes of

the waveguide modes at all ports are given by [8]:

(1)

=i𝜔

a − 2𝛾 a +

√

2𝛾 (S

+ S

)

Phase-matching

area

DC AB

0000

0001

0010

0011

0000 0001

0010

0011

Photoniccrystal

area

Multi-modearea

MDMWDM

Demultiplexingprocess

Transitional

area

Fig. 1 Theoretical model of the ADC–PCR-type MDM–WDM

demultiplexer

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