个人出生顺序影响主观幸福感-基于CFPS数据的经验分析

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Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2020, 8, 377-391

https://www.scirp.org/journal/jss

ISSN Online: 2327-5960

ISSN Print: 2327-5952

DOI:

10.4236/jss.2020.85026 May 29, 2020 377 Open Journal of Social Sciences

Personal Birth Order Affects Subjective

Well-Being—Empirical Analysis Based

on CFPS Data

Qiaofang Shi

College of Economics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

Abstract

Whether the order of personal birth affects subjective well-being is a

question

to be tested. This paper uses CFPS2010 data to conduct an empirical study

the relationship between personal birth order and subjective well-being.

The

main findings of this article are as follows: First, the order of birth (the

value

from small to large means that the child is born from first to last) has a signi

icantly negative impact on happiness. Second, there is a gender difference

the negative impact of birth order on happiness.

Keywords

Absolute Birth Order, Relative Birth Order, Subjective Well-Being

1. Introduction

Happiness is usually regarded as the ultimate goal of life, and almost everyone

wants to be happy (Frey & Stutzer, 2002). As China enters the decisive stage of

building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we need to unite all

possible people and mobilize all positive factors. Therefore, it is of practical sig-

nificance to pay attention to people’s happiness.

What factors are related to people’s happiness? With the development of

science and the progress of society, people gradually realize that “birth order”

has a profound impact on individual psychological development (Luo & Li,

2017). People of the same birth order tend to have similar personality characte-

ristics: the words associated with eldest children are usually responsible, orga-

nized, independent, conventional, conservative, etc., while the words associated

with the youngest children are coddled, creative, and playful (Adler, 1998). So

does an individual’s birth order affect their happiness?

How to cite this paper:

Shi, Q. F. (2020).

Personal

Birth Order Affects Subjective

Well

-Being—Empirical Analysis Based on

CFPS

Data.

Open Journal of Social Sciences

377-391.

https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.85026

Received:

April 20, 2020

Accepted:

May 26, 2020

Published:

May 29, 2020

20 by author(s) and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution

International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

Q. F. Shi

DOI:

10.4236/jss.2020.85026 378 Open Journal of Social Sciences

According to existing research, a powerful factor that affects individual well-being

is the economic factor. At a particular stage in a country, people with higher in-

comes are, on average, happier; however, raising everyone’s income does not in-

crease everyone’s well-being (Easterlin, 1995). The higher the relative income,

the stronger the subjective well-being, but this effect is different in different in-

come groups (Ferrer-i-Carbonell, 2005). There is a significant positive correla-

tion between absolute income and subjective well-being, but the correlation be-

tween subjective well-being and income level is not high, and non-income fac-

tors deserve further attention (Luo, 2009). Tian Guoqiang and Yang Liyan (2006)

theoretically discuss the relationship between income and happiness. The results

show that there is a critical income level which is positively correlated with the

immaterial initial endowment. Once this critical income level is reached or ex-

ceeded, increasing income actually reduces overall happiness. Research on the

effect of income inequality on subjective well-being has not reached a consensus;

while on the relationship between inflation and well-being; most economists

agree that there is a negative correlation between them (Lu & Wang,

2010). In

terms of unemployment, Van der Meer (2014) explains why unemployment has a

serious impact on people’s subjective well-being: because unemployment affects

both the satisfaction of material life and social identity.

A large part of the literature also explores the influence of social factors on in-

dividual well-being. At present, China has entered a stage in which economic

growth has gradually weakened the role of improving national happiness. Im-

proving people’s livelihood has a greater effect on national well-being; the im-

provement of public service satisfaction significantly improves the individual’s

life satisfaction, which has a greater impact on life satisfaction than income

(Zhou et al., 2015). Government quality significantly affects residents’ well-being,

and its promotion effect on residents’ well-being is much higher than economic

growth (Chen & Li, 2012). Li Tao et al. (2011) studied the impact of fami-

ly-owned housing on residents’ well-being, and the results showed that there

were significant differences in the impact of different types of property-owned

housing on residents’ well-being. Owning houses with full property rights and

having more of them can significantly increase residents’ happiness, but the

number of houses with limited property rights and the number of them have no

significant impact on residents’ well-being. Much of the cross-country research

literature on happiness economics proves that residents of rich countries are

happier than those of poor countries (Lu & Wang, 2010).

In addition to economic and social factors, it should be noted that personal

well-being is closely related to individual characteristics. Li Lei et al. (2017) stu-

died for the first time the differences in gender well-being in China and the

causes, and found that women’s well-being in China is significantly higher than

men’s. The higher the education level, the higher the family income and the

healthier the person, the higher the happiness (Lu et al., 2017). Jin Jiang and He

Lihua (2012) used the survey data of the subjective well-being of urban residents

Q. F. Shi

DOI:

10.4236/jss.2020.85026 379 Open Journal of Social Sciences

in Wuhan in 2007 to discuss the relationship between education and subjective

well-being, and found that whether education is measured by education level or

years of education, education has a significant positive impact on subjective

well-being. People around the age of 40 have the most stress and the least hap-

piness (Lu et al., 2017); Ohtake (2012) also found that middle-aged unemployed

people in Japan around the age of 40 have the lowest happiness. Marriage has a

positive effect on happiness (Frijters et al., 2004). Values are also an important

factor affecting residents’ well-being (Zhang & Cai, 2011). Furdyna et al. (2008)

surveyed 431 working wives in 21 cities in the United States. The results showed

that for women with traditional values, the higher their income relative to their

husbands, the lower their happiness. Among white women, the higher the fami-

ly’s income relative to the husband’s was, the happier they were when the family

experienced financial difficulties. Personality characteristics, especially extrover-

sion and neuroticism, are considered to be the main factors affecting subjective

well-being; however, the causal connection between personality and subjective

well-being has not yet achieved significant research

results (Tian, 2004). Tempe-

rament type affects personal well-being. Subjects of different temperament types

have extremely significant differences in the total score of subjective well-being

(Jiang & Bai, 2009). In addition, for Chinese people, religious belief can alleviate

the negative effects of physical health on well-being, and this improvement is

particularly obvious for individuals with many physical health problems (Wang

et al., 2014).

Individual happiness is influenced by individual characteristics, while birth

order has an impact on individual personality and behavioral development (Ad-

ler, 1998). Adler, a pioneer in individual psychology, was an early researcher on

birth order. Although the birth order is not the only explanatory factor for per-

sonality development, it is an important factor. Sulloway, an evolutionary psy-

chologist, agrees that first-born children are usually responsible for the family,

with a sense of responsibility and conservative thinking.

Black et al. (2005) found that late-born children performed much worse in

school. Weng et al. (2019) used data from the 2013 China Family Income Project

Survey (CHIPs) to find that children with a lower birth order have higher educa-

tion levels, and this effect is more pronounced in families where the first

child is

a girl and the family has financial difficulties. On the contrary, the confluence

model of psychology uses the average age of family members to represent the

intellectual environment of the child. Later born children have poor intellectual

environment due to the birth of one or more siblings in the family. Therefore,

the model predicts that birth order has a negative impact on educational attain-

ment (Becker, 1981; Behrman, 1997). Price (2008) also concluded that there is a

negative correlation between birth order and educational attainment. In fact,

most studies have shown that a higher birth order hinders cognitive develop-

ment and lowers educational attainment (De Haan et al., 2014). In terms of birth

order and height, Jayachandran and Pande (2017) used data from 168,000 child-

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