使用OFDM调制的520nm激光二极管进行水下激光通信_1310nm的激光频率是多少资源-CSDN文库

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水下激光通信（Underwater Wireless Optical Communication，UWOC）是一种利用光波在水下传输信息的通信方式。由于水下环境的特殊性，相比于传统的水下声学通信，水下激光通信具有更高的带宽和更小的传输延迟，但其传输距离较短。在海洋探索和水下作业中，高速无线通信系统是必不可少的。本研究论文提出了一个基于简单且成本效益较高的TO56横向多模绿光激光二极管（Laser Diode, LD）和低成本150-MHz PIN光电二极管探测器的水下无线光学通信系统。该系统采用正交幅度调制（Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM）结合正交频分复用调制（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM）技术，具有精细的频率粒度和高谱效率，来解决在有限带宽内绿光激光二极管粗糙且不均匀的频率响应所带来的挑战。 OFDM是一种多载波调制技术，它将高速数据流分成许多低速数据流，然后将这些低速数据流并行地调制到相互正交的子载波上，从而实现在有限带宽内有效地使用频谱资源，提高传输的频谱效率。而QAM是一种幅度和相位联合调制技术，它可以进一步提高数据传输的效率。在论文中，作者通过实验演示了使用16-QAM和256-QAM信号的位加载技术，在水下激光通信系统中实现了1.118 Gb/s的原始数据传输速率（净比特率：0.927 Gb/s）以及在比特误码率（Bit Error Rate, BER）为-3时的高谱效率（最高达到6.18 bit/s/Hz）。本研究工作得到了中国国家自然科学基金的部分支持。这项研究的重要意义在于，它预示了在水下环境高速无线通信领域中，光通信技术将越来越具有竞争力，特别是在水下车辆与传感器之间的宽带通信方面。这种技术的进步将有助于解决海洋探索中的科学、战略和经济问题。本论文通过实验验证了OFDM调制技术在水下激光通信领域的可行性，并且证明了该技术在数据传输速率和传输效率方面的优势。这项研究为水下无线通信领域提供了一种新的技术选择，对于水下探测技术的发展具有重要的推动作用。随着水下光学通信技术的进一步优化和成本的降低，它有望在未来的海洋探测、水下机器人通信、环境监测、资源勘探等多个领域中得到广泛应用。

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 28, NO. 20, OCTOBER 15, 2016 2133

Underwater Laser Communication Using an

OFDM-Modulated 520-nm Laser Diode

Jing Xu, Aobo Lin, Xiangyu Yu, Yuhang Song, Meiwei Kong, Fengzhong Qu, Jun Han, Wei Jia, and Ning Deng

Abstract—In this letter, we propose and experimentally

demonstrate an underwater wireless optical communication sys-

tem based on a simple and cost-effective TO56 transversal multi-

mode green-light laser diode (LD) and a low-cost 150-MHz

positive-intrinsic-negative detector. We use quadrature amplitude

modulation (QAM)–orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

modulation, with ﬁne frequency granularity and high spectral

efﬁciency, to tackle the challenging issue imposed by the ragged

and uneven frequency response of the green LD within a limited

bandwidth. We have demonstrated that a bit rate of 1.118 Gb/s

(net bit rate: 0.927 Gb/s) can be achieved at a bit-error-rate

of 2.98 × 10

−3

, with the assistance of bit loading (using both

16-QAM and 256-QAM signals). A spectral efﬁciency as high

as 6.18 bit/s/Hz is also obtained in the proposed underwater

wireless optical communication system.

Index Terms—UWOC,LD,PIN,QAM,OFDM.

I. INTRODUCTION

CEANS are the cradle of life and the lifeblood of

planet Earth and humankind. Ocean exploration has

attracted more and more attention due to its scientiﬁc, strategic

and economic importance. Foreseeing the rapid development

of underwater exploration, a high-speed underwater wire-

less communication system becomes indispensable. Compared

with the well-established underwater acoustic communica-

tions, underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC)

suffers shorter transmission distance, but it can provide a

much higher transmission bandwidth with a much smaller

transmission delay [1]. Keeping this feature in mind, we envi-

sion many situations where the wireless optical links can be

more competitive than its acoustic counterpart, such as broad-

band communications between various underwater vehicles

and underwater sensors [1]. By leveraging the low-absorption

Manuscript received May 30, 2016; accepted June 15, 2016. Date of

publication June 20, 2016; date of current version August 26, 2016. This

work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of

China under Grant 61301141, in part by the Qianjiang Talent Program of

Zhejiang Province under Grant QJD1402014, and in part by the Open Funding

Program within the Joint Laboratory of Flight Vehicle Ocean-Based Measure-

ment and Control under Contract FOM20150F007 (Corresponding author:

Fengzhong Qu.)

J. Xu is with the Optical Communications Laboratory, Ocean College,

Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China, and also with the

ZTT-Ocean College Joint Research Center for Marine Optoelectronic Tech-

nology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China (e-mail:

jxu-optics@zju.edu.cn).

A. Lin, X. Yu, Y. Song, M. Kong, F. Qu, and J. Han are with

the Optical Communications Laboratory, Ocean College, Zhejiang

University, Zhoushan 316021, China (e-mail: 21434093@zju.edu.cn;

21434096@zju.edu.cn; 1589257052@qq.com; jimqufz@zju.edu.cn).

W. Jia and N. Deng are with the Fixed Networks Research Department,

Huawei Technologies Company, Ltd., Shenzhen 518129, China (e-mail:

jiawei5@huawei.com; ning.deng@huawei.com).

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this letter are available

online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/LPT.2016.2582542

window of seawater in the blue-green band, optical signals

can transmit several tens or hundreds of meters in general

waters before becoming too weak for detection. In addition,

an underwater optical wireless communication network can be

implemented based on these optical links, to further enhance

the transmission range, ﬂexibility and robustness by virtue of

multiple hops, and reliable network operation [2]–[4].

How to generate the transmitted optical signals is the ﬁrst

and foremost question to ask when implanting an UWOC

system. Directly modulated light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have

been used to generate the optical signals [5], with a limited

modulation bandwidth. Alternatively, external modulation of

light carrier can generate very high-speed optical signals at

the expense of increased complexity. As reported in [6],

continuous-wave light at 1064 nm was ﬁrst modulated by

a lithium niobate waveguide amplitude modulator (AM),

and then frequency doubled to 532 nm in a periodically

poled lithium niobate (PPLN) that was heated to ∼180 °C.

Although this scheme can support 1-Gb/s or above transmis-

sion, the transmitter part requires too many discrete optical

components, like AM, PPLN and high-power ytterbium-doped

ﬁber ampliﬁer, leading to increased volume and power con-

sumption as well as reduced robustness. Directly modulated

semiconductor lasers, with a modulation bandwidth above

10 GHz, have been widely available for optical ﬁber commu-

nications [7]. However, their great potential for UWOC has

not been fully investigated due to the long-term challenge of

stretching the emission wavelength of a semiconductor laser

toward green [8]. Since the 1960s, worldwide academic and

industrial communities have been running a race to build the

ﬁrst reliable semiconductor laser emitting green light. How-

ever, the ﬁrst green-light nitride laser at ∼532 nm just appeared

in 2009 [9], more than 20 years later than the ﬁrst blue-light

laser diode (LD). Directly modulated blue-light LDs [10], [11],

rather than the immature green-light ones, were commonly

used in recently reported UWOC systems to realize high-speed

optical signal generation. Although blue light has the smallest

absorption coefﬁcient than any other light in pure water [10],

it suffers larger absorption and scattering than green light

in certain realistic waters [11]. Until very recently, a special

TO-9 packaged pigtailed 520-nm LD with a 1.2-GHz band-

width was used as an underwater optical transmitter [12],

enabling a 7-meter transmission of 2.3-Gbit/s on-off key-

ing (OOK) signals with a high-sensitivity avalanche pho-

todiode (APD) module as the receiver. We should stress

that APDs are not as widely used as their positive-intrinsic-

negative (PIN) counterparts due to a high operation volt-

age normally required, combined with a lower reliability.

In addition, although the OOK modulation is quite simple,

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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