1. LEFT OUTER JOIN:左外关联 SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d ON (e.department_id = d.department_id); 等价于 SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees e, departments d WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id(+); 结
