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### Hardware Implementation of a Pseudo-Analog Wireless Video Transmission System #### 摘要与背景本文主要探讨了一种伪模拟无线视频传输系统的硬件实现方案。相较于传统的数字视频传输方式，伪模拟视频传输技术能够有效解决“悬崖效应”和“水平效应”的问题。“悬崖效应”是指在数字信号传输过程中，一旦信噪比降至某一阈值以下，接收端接收到的数据将出现急剧的质量下降现象。“水平效应”则是指即使信噪比进一步提高，接收端数据质量改善也非常有限。因此，为了解决这些问题，研究人员提出了一种伪模拟传输方法。然而，大多数关于伪模拟传输的研究都基于软件仿真，难以直接应用于实际的传输任务。为此，本研究提出了一个经过硬件优化的伪模拟无线视频传输系统。 #### 系统设计该传输系统将发送的视频信号分为模拟部分和数字部分两大部分： 1. **模拟部分**：包括经过功率分配（Power Allocation, PA）后的离散余弦变换（Discrete Cosine Transformation, DCT）系数。这部分信号在传输时会经历类似于传统模拟信号的处理过程，从而能够减少数字传输中的悬崖效应。 2. **数字部分**：主要包括L形块的方差以及某些重要的定点DCT系数。这部分采用涡轮编码（Turbo Code）和循环冗余校验（Cyclic Redundancy Check, CRC）来保护数字比特，确保数据传输的可靠性。此外，本文还提出了两种针对伪模拟系统的优化方法： 1. **源数据划分优化**：通过优化模拟和数字信号之间的划分，可以显著提升系统性能，实验表明这种方法可以使系统性能提高最多2dB。 2. **频域数据压缩**：利用频域数据进行压缩，能够在保证传输质量的同时，达到最高49%的压缩率，且性能损失小于1dB。 #### 实现与评估整个系统最终在FPGA上实现，并通过广泛的模拟测试进行了评估。通过这种方式，不仅验证了所提出的伪模拟传输方案的有效性，还展示了其在实际应用中的可行性。 #### 关键词解读 - **伪模拟**：结合了模拟和数字传输的优点，旨在提供更稳定、低延迟的视频传输服务。 - **硬件**：指的是用于实现伪模拟视频传输系统的技术平台，例如FPGA等。 - **视频传输**：本文研究的核心内容，旨在改进无线视频传输的性能。 - **优化**：针对伪模拟系统提出的两种优化策略，以提升系统性能。 #### 结论《伪模拟无线视频传输系统的硬件实现》这篇研究论文通过对传统数字视频传输中遇到的问题进行了深入分析，并提出了一种结合模拟和数字传输优势的伪模拟传输方法。该方法不仅可以有效避免“悬崖效应”和“水平效应”，还能通过硬件优化实现更高的传输效率和更低的传输延迟，对于提高实时性和互动性较强的视频传输应用场景具有重要意义。

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*Corresponding author: Jun Wu

Hardware Implementation of a Pseudo-Analog Wireless Video Transmission System

Shi Chen, Jun Wu*, Haoqi Ren, Jian Wu, Baoye Zhang and Fusheng Zhu

College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 201804

Shanghai, China

GuangDong Communications & Networks Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China

e-mail: {1730790, wujun, renhaoqi}@tongji.edu.cn, wujiantongji@126.com, baoye.zhang@tongji.edu.cn,

zhufusheng@gdcni.cn

Abstract—Compared with conventional digital video

transmission, the recently proposed pseudo-analog video

transmission addresses the problem of the cliff effect and

leveling-off effect. However, the researches on pseudo-analog

transmission are mostly done by software, which can’t be

applied in the practice transmission tasks directly. In this

paper, we propose a hardware-optimized pseudo-analog

wireless video transmission system. The transmitted video

signals are divided into the analog part and the digital part,

respectively. The analog part includes the discrete cosine

transformation (DCT) coefficients after power allocation (PA).

The digital part consists of the variance of L-shaped chunks

and some significant fix-point DCT coefficients. Turbo code

and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) are utilized to protect the

digital bits. We propose two optimization methods for the

pseudo-analog system. One of them is to optimize the division

of the source, with which our system performs at most 2dB

better than SoftCast. The other is compression based on

frequency domain data, which achieves a maximum 49%

compression rate with less than 1dB performance loss. We

implement the whole system on FPGA and evaluate the system

with extensive simulations.

Keywords-pseudo-analog; hardware; video transmission;

optimization

I. INTRODUCTION

With the development of multimedia technology, the

demand for wireless transmission grows rapidly. Some real-

time and interactive applications such as First Person View

(FPV) have higher requirements for transmission delay,

while other applications like video broadcasting require

better performance in broadcast scenarios. Due to the limited

error correction capability of the channel coding used in the

digital video transmission system, when the signal-noise

ratio (SNR) is lower than a certain threshold, the quality of

the received video may reach a cliff. That is the cliff effect,

which presents as blocks of mosaic in the video. In the

broadcast scenario, the transmitter of the digital video

transmission system must first predict the exact channel

condition of each receiver to find the worst one. The

transmitter has to send at the lowest bit rate to ensure that

each receiver correctly decodes it. This approach will result

in the receiver with better channel quality not receiving the

video matching its channel quality, which is a waste of

channel bandwidth [1][2].

The pseudo-analog transmission system solves the above

two problems well. The scheme is based on the joint source-

channel coding (JSCC) technology [3][4]. It uses discrete

cosine transformation (DCT) and power allocation (PA) to

replace the quantization in digital transmission system [5].

As a result, pseudo-analog transmission avoids the cliff

effect, making the video quality of each receiver linearly

related to its channel conditions.

SoftCast is a well-known pseudo-analog transmission

system [6][7], which is the basis of other pseudo-analog or

hybrid digital-analog schemes [8][9]. However, most of the

recent researches in the pseudo-analog field are done by

software. As for practical tasks, the hardware-implemented

pseudo-analog transmission system has higher actual value

and better performance. Besides, SoftCast has some limits,

such as occupying a lot of bandwidth, which is also the goal

of optimization.

We propose a pseudo-analog transmission system and

implement it on FPGA. Like other pseudo-analog systems,

the system divides the transmitted data into the digital part

and the analog part [10]. After DCT, power allocation is

utilized to realize unequal protection with the L-shaped

chunk division method [11]. Data after power allocation

constitutes the analog part. During DCT and power

allocation, some low-frequency DCT coefficients and power

of each L-shaped chunk are saved. We use turbo code and

cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to protect it for restoring the

original video better. These digital bits after 16-QAM

modulation constitutes the digital part. We interweave both

of the two parts and put them in the radio frame designed by

ourselves. After sending data via the OFDM channel,

opposite processes are done at the receiver to restore the

origin video.

Besides, we propose two optimization methods for the

pseudo-analog system. One is to improve restoring video

performance. We adjust the division of source by subjoining

the amount of the digital part, which achieves at most 2dB

better performance than SoftCast. The other is to decrease

the demand for the bandwidth of the pseudo-analog system.

We regard the whole 32*32 block as one DC component and

15 L-shaped chunks. The system transmits part of the L-

shaped chunks instead of all of them to decrease the

bandwidth consumption. The experimental results show that

we can reduce half of the data with less than 1dB

performance loss.

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