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A Fibre-Assembling-Pressure Model for Developing
Root Pressure
Wang Xiaoen
College of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Weifang College of Education, Qingzhou,
Shandong (262500)
E-mail: 330518204@qq.com
Abstract
For decades, it has well been known that the drive force of conducting both water and dissolved
mineral ions from roots to leaves of plants makes mainly up of two: the pull of transpiration from
leaves and root pressure. It had early been clear with regard to the transpiring pull, but mechanisms
how root pressure be developed, hitherto, is fuzzy. Based on both experimental phenomenon of
siphon-like transport of water defying gravity along fibre surface and crystallisation mechanisms, this
paper theoretically suggests a fibre-assembling-pressure model for developing root pressure. According
to the model, in roots the continuous polymerization of fiberized network, such as formation of nascent
cell wall and maturity of xylem, can develop the fibre-assembling pressure, a positive hydraulic
pressure. For a plant that grows with vigor, growth of all of fibres, such as xylem, can provide a drive
force for water transport, division and expansion of cells in meristems, and gravitropic growth of
roots.
Keywords: Root pressure, fibre-assembling pressure, siphon-like transport of water, water
transport in plants, refilling cavitated xylem, gravitropism
1. Introduction
Question of how water is transported upwards by xylem as well as transport power in plants
is an ancient and interesting subject. At the end of the nineteenth century, Böhm
[1]
and Dixon et
al.
[2]
proposed earliest cohesion-tension (CT) theory for ascent of the xylem sap in transpiring
plants. After CT theory deems that in the xylem vessels, transports of water arises along a gradient
of negtive pressure, with transpiration, water adhesion to cell walls, and surface tension providing
upgrade forces to withstand gravity
[3]
. The force to lift xylem sap is sometimes large stupendously,
such as in the global tallest tree (112.7m), today, at northern California of United States
[3]
.
Ordinarily, The transport power of water in plant xylem consists mainly of two: the pull of
transpiration from leaves and root pressure. The transpiring can produce forces for lift water
upward but can not for refilling cavitated xylem——xylem cavitation is a familiar phenomenon in
which air and/or vapor embolizes conduits resulting in reduction of xylem hydraulic conductance
[3,
4]
, whereas root pressure can offer drive forces for both the lift and the refilling
[5]
. Since it has
been well wised to the principle of producing pull of transpiration by plant leaves, here, does not
be accounted, whereas the mechanism with regard to developing root pressure has been a matter
of debate
and is the subject of the present contribution.
The root pressure is defined as positive xylem
pressure arisesed in the roots
[6]
. Usually, the
condition to measure root pressure is in the early spring or at night. In 1727, the Englishman Hales,
S.
[7]
first observed the root pressure. In 1997, Fischer et al.
[8]
studied 109 tropical species,
measured the maximum root pressure to be on average about 20 to 100 kPa. Recently, results
measured by Tang and Boyer
[9]
shown that in the xylem
of maize leaf base, the water potential
wx
and the osmotic potential
sx
was –0.14 MPa and –0.29 MPa, respectively, so the root pressure
at thise site was 0.15 MPa = –0.14
– (–0.29) .
Although root pressure has been observed for centuries in many plant species, its
mechanisms, heretofore, are unclear. Somebodies hypothesized that there are high concentration
of solutes or gradients of concentrations in xylem vessels
[10]
, that root pressure comes of root