3D-Beamforming Codebook Design Based on
Directly Search for Millimeter-wave Communications
Weixia Zou
1,2
,Longfei Wang
1
, Chao Guo
1
1
Key Lab of Universal Wireless Communications, MOE,
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, P. R. China
2
State Key Lab. of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
Email: zwx0218@bupt.edu.cn
Abstract—To solve symmetry and beam distortion problem in
3D-beamforming codebook design by direct product method, this
paper proposes a codebook design scheme, which is generated by
search in two-dimensional matrix. The method can generate
asymmetric beam and solves the problem of beam distortion in
the direction of large angle. It has more flexibility and can meet
the demand for more scenes.
Keywords—3D-beamforming, codebook design, directly search,
beam distortion
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, although millimeter wave communication
with Gbps and even several Gbps transmission rate has
attracted more and more attention, and becomes a new hotspot
in the field of wireless communications[1][2]. But compared
with the low frequency communication, the attenuation of
obstacle is more significant to the millimeter wave. Huge path
loss also makes signal transmission and reception between the
two sides difficult and decrease the throughput capacity[3][4].
You can use antenna diversity, beamforming and other
technologies to make up for the lack of communication link
quality. As the antenna size is proportional to the wavelength,
the antenna size is very small in the millimeter wave
communication, so it is possible to improve the link quality by
using the beamforming technology[5]. Therefore,
beamforming technology is a research focus on millimeter
wave communication.
Beamforming technology can not only improve the link
quality, but also use the angle information of the user
distribution, so that pointing the beam to the user can
improves the quality of communication. For common
scenarios in wireless personal area network (WPAN) and
wireless local area network (WLAN), reference[6] uses the
objective nonlinear optimization method to generate arbitrary
shape beam to fit the bill of the corresponding communication,
both theoretical analysis and simulation show that the scheme
has great flexibility and can produce arbitrary shaped beam in
order to meet the demand of different application scenarios.
But the traditional 2D beam forming technology can only
dynamically change the horizontal direction of the beam, can
not adjust the vertical direction of the beam, that is to say that
the vertical coverage is fixed, which can not satisfy the needs
of data business growth[7][8]. The 3D beamforming
technology can dynamically change the vertical direction of
the antenna beam, optimize the vertical coverage of the
antenna, so that the edge users can effectively receive the
signal[9][10]. Direct product method presented in reference
[11] is based on dimensional reduction and decomposition can
transform some symmetric 3D beamforming problem to two
arbitrarily shaped 2D beamforming problems. But this
approach can only generate a symmetric beam, can not
generate asymmetric multi main lobe beam and some width
asymmetry multi main lobe beam, lack of the stronger
flexibility. Therefore, this paper proposes a method which can
generate asymmetric arbitrarily shaped beams for the demand
for more flexible scene.
II. DEFICIENCY OF DIRECT PRODUCT METHOD
Reference[11] uses a coordinate system to instead of
spherical coordinate system. Therefore, some symmetric 3D-
beamforming problem can be transformed into two arbitrary
shaped 2D-beamforming problems. The two-dimensional
codebook of planar array in this coordinate system can easily
be obtained by using the direct product of the codebooks of
horizontal and vertical dimension. But in addition to the
limitation of symmetry, this method also has some distortion.
This is because the two-dimensional codebook of planar array
generated by using the direct product of the codebooks of
horizontal and vertical dimension and the actual two-
dimensional code has the certain difference, so using the
codebook generated by the direct product of two dimensions
codebook approximating two-dimensional optimal codebook
will inevitably lead to distortion of the beam shape. The
defects of direct product method are analyzed from the angle
of symmetry and beam distortion.
A. symmetry problem
Beamforming problem in the reference [11] use angle to
describe the direction of the main lobe, 2D-beamforming uses
an angle to describe the direction of the main lobe and the
only variable of beam response is the angle, and 3D-
beamforming uses two angles to describe the direction of the
main lobe and the two variables of the beam response are
horizontal angle and vertical angle. For a 3D-beamforming
problem, if planar array antenna beam pattern has only one
main lobe, and the gain of the angle range of the main lobe is
2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS): 2016 IEEE Infocom 5G & Beyond