4.3.1 Declaring Variables........................................................................................................... 16
4.3.2 Variable Ranges................................................................................................................ 16
4.3.3 Type Checking.................................................................................................................. 16
4.3.4 Initialization...................................................................................................................... 17
4.3.5 Constants.......................................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Comments................................................................................................................................. 17
4.5 Continuation Lines................................................................................................................... 18
4.5.1 Example............................................................................................................................ 18
4.6 Declarations, Extended Size Variables..................................................................................... 18
4.6.1 Integers............................................................................................................................. 19
4.6.2 Real................................................................................................................................... 19
4.7 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 19
4.7.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................. 19
4.7.2 Suggested Projects............................................................................................................ 20
5 Expressions..................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 Literals...................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.1 Integer Literals.................................................................................................................. 21
5.1.2 Real Literals...................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.2.1 E-Notation................................................................................................................. 21
5.1.3 Complex Literals.............................................................................................................. 22
5.1.4 Character Literals.............................................................................................................. 22
5.1.5 Logical Constants............................................................................................................. 23
5.2 Arithmetic Operations.............................................................................................................. 23
5.2.1 Assignment....................................................................................................................... 23
5.2.2 Addition............................................................................................................................ 23
5.2.3 Subtraction........................................................................................................................ 24
5.2.4 Multiplication................................................................................................................... 24
5.2.5 Division............................................................................................................................ 24
5.2.6 Exponentiation.................................................................................................................. 25
5.3 Order of Operations.................................................................................................................. 25
5.4 Intrinsic Functions.................................................................................................................... 26
5.4.1 Mathematical Intrinsic Functions..................................................................................... 26
5.4.2 Conversion Functions....................................................................................................... 26
5.4.3 Summary........................................................................................................................... 27
5.5 Mixed Mode............................................................................................................................. 27
5.6 Examples.................................................................................................................................. 28
5.7 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 28
5.7.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................. 28
5.7.2 Suggested Projects............................................................................................................ 29
6 Simple Input and Output.............................................................................................................. 31
6.1 Output – Write.......................................................................................................................... 31
6.1.1 Output – Print................................................................................................................... 32
6.2 Input – Read............................................................................................................................. 32
6.3 Example.................................................................................................................................... 33
6.4 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 34
iv
