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The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
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The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master 程序员的修炼:从中级到大师
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Pragmatic Programmer, The: From Journeyman to Master
Andrew Hunt
David Thomas
Publisher: Addison Wesley
First Edition October 13, 1999
ISBN: 0-201-61622-X, 352 pages
Straight from the programming trenches,
The Pragmatic
Programmer
cuts through the increasing specialization and
technicalities of modern software development to examine the
core process--taking a requirement and producing working,
maintainable code that delights its users. It covers topics
ranging from personal responsibility and career development
to architectural techniques for keeping your code flexible and
easy to adapt and reuse. Read this book, and you’ll learn how
to:
Fight software rot;
Avoid the trap of duplicating knowledge;
Write flexible, dynamic, and adaptable code;
Avoid programming by coincidence;
Bullet-proof your code with contracts, assertions, and
exceptions;
Capture real requirements;
Test ruthlessly and effectively;
Delight your users;
Build teams of pragmatic programmers; and
Make your developments more precise with automation.
Written as a series of self-contained sections and filled with
entertaining anecdotes, thoughtful examples, and interesting
analogies,
The Pragmatic Programmer
illustrates the best
practices and major pitfalls of many different aspects of
software development. Whether you’re a new coder, an
experienced programmer, or a manager responsible for
software projects, use these lessons daily, and you’ll quickly
see improvements in personal productivity, accuracy, and job
satisfaction. You’ll learn skills and develop habits and
attitudes that form the foundation for long-term success in
your career. You’ll become a Pragmatic Programmer.
Preface.......................................................................................................12
Who Should Read This Book?...............................................................12
What Makes a Pragmatic Programmer?..............................................13
Individual Pragmatists, Large Teams..................................................14
It's a Continuous Process......................................................................15
How the Book Is Organized ..................................................................15
What's in a Name? ................................................................................15
Source Code and Other Resources ....................................................16
Send Us Feedback..............................................................................16
Acknowledgments..............................................................................16
What's in a Name? ................................................................................18
Source Code and Other Resources ....................................................18
Send Us Feedback..............................................................................18
Acknowledgments..............................................................................19
The Cat Ate My Source Code................................................................19
Take Responsibility ...........................................................................20
Related sections include:................................................................21
Challenges ......................................................................................21
Software Entropy ..................................................................................21
Putting Out Fires...............................................................................22
Related sections include: ...................................................................23
Challenges..........................................................................................23
Stone Soup and Boiled Frogs................................................................23
The Villagers' Side.............................................................................24
Related sections include:................................................................25
Challenges ......................................................................................25
Good-Enough Software .........................................................................25
Involve Your Users in the Trade-Off ................................................26
Know When to Stop ...........................................................................26
Related sections include:................................................................27
Challenges ......................................................................................27
Your Knowledge Portfolio .....................................................................27
Your Knowledge Portfolio..................................................................28
Building Your Portfolio......................................................................28
Goals...................................................................................................29
Opportunities for Learning ...............................................................30
Critical Thinking ...............................................................................30
Care and Cultivation of Gurus.................................................................30
Challenges ......................................................................................31
Communicate!........................................................................................31
Know What You Want to Say............................................................32
Know Your Audience .........................................................................32
Figure 1.1. The wisdom acrostic—understanding an audience ...32
Choose Your Moment.........................................................................33
Choose a Style....................................................................................33
Make It Look Good ............................................................................33
Involve Your Audience.......................................................................34
Be a Listener......................................................................................34
Get Back to People.............................................................................34
E-Mail Communication.............................................................................34
Summary ...............................................................................................35
Related sections include: ...................................................................35
Challenges..........................................................................................35
Chapter 2. A Pragmatic Approach ...........................................................37
The Evils of Duplication........................................................................37
How Does Duplication Arise?............................................................38
Imposed Duplication..........................................................................39
Inadvertent Duplication ....................................................................40
Impatient Duplication .......................................................................42
Interdeveloper Duplication ...............................................................42
Related sections include:................................................................43
Orthogonality ........................................................................................43
What Is Orthogonality? .....................................................................43
A Nonorthogonal System ...............................................................44
Benefits of Orthogonality ..................................................................44
Gain Productivity...........................................................................45
Reduce Risk ....................................................................................45
Project Teams ....................................................................................45
Design.................................................................................................46
Figure 2.1. Typical layer diagram .................................................46
Toolkits and Libraries .......................................................................47
Coding ................................................................................................48
Testing................................................................................................49
Documentation...................................................................................49
Living with Orthogonality.................................................................49
Related sections include:................................................................50
Challenges ......................................................................................50
Exercises ............................................................................................50
Reversibility ..........................................................................................51
Reversibility.......................................................................................51
Flexible Architecture .........................................................................52
Related sections include:................................................................53
Challenges ......................................................................................53
Tracer Bullets........................................................................................53
Code That Glows in the Dark............................................................54
Tracer Bullets Don't Always Hit Their Target.................................56
Tracer Code versus Prototyping........................................................56
Related sections include:................................................................57
Prototypes and Post-it Notes ................................................................57
Things to Prototype ...........................................................................58
How to Use Prototypes ......................................................................58
Prototyping Architecture...................................................................59
How Not to Use Prototypes ...............................................................59
Related sections include:................................................................60
Exercises ............................................................................................60
Domain Languages................................................................................60
Domain-Specific Errors ............................................................................62
Implementing a Mini-Language .......................................................62
Data Languages and Imperative Languages................................63
Figure 2.2. Windows .rc file ...........................................................63
Stand-Alone and Embedded Languages .......................................65
Easy Development or Easy Maintenance?....................................65
Related sections include:................................................................65
Challenges ......................................................................................65
Exercises ............................................................................................66
Estimating .............................................................................................66
How Accurate Is Accurate Enough?..................................................67
Where Do Estimates Come From? ....................................................68
Understand What's Being Asked ..................................................68
Build a Model of the System..........................................................68
Break the Model into Components................................................68
Give Each Parameter a Value .......................................................69
Calculate the Answers ...................................................................69
Keep Track of Your Estimating Prowess ......................................69
Estimating Project Schedules ...........................................................70
What to Say When Asked for an Estimate .......................................70
Related sections include:................................................................70
Challenges ......................................................................................70
Exercises ............................................................................................71
Chapter 3. The Basic Tools.......................................................................72
The Power of Plain Text........................................................................73
What Is Plain Text?...........................................................................73
Drawbacks..........................................................................................74
The Power of Text..............................................................................74
Insurance Against Obsolescence ...................................................74
Leverage .........................................................................................75
The Unix Philosophy.................................................................................75
Easier Testing ................................................................................76
Lowest Common Denominator..........................................................76
Related sections include:................................................................76
Challenges ......................................................................................76
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