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rev2.7

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing

OpenCL



Programming Guide

November 2013

AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing, the AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing logo, ATI,

the ATI logo, Radeon, FireStream, FirePro, Catalyst, and combinations thereof are trade-

marks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Microsoft, Visual Studio, Windows, and Windows

Vista are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S. and/or other jurisdic-

tions. Other names are for informational purposes only and may be trademarks of their

respective owners. OpenCL and the OpenCL logo are trademarks of Apple Inc. used by

permission by Khronos.

The contents of this document are provided in connection with Advanced Micro Devices,

Inc. (“AMD”) products. AMD makes no representations or warranties with respect to the

accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and reserves the right to

make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. The

information contained herein may be of a preliminary or advance nature and is subject to

change without notice. No license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or other-

wise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this publication. Except as set forth

in AMD’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, AMD assumes no liability whatsoever,

and disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to its products including, but not

limited to, the implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or

infringement of any intellectual property right.

AMD’s products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use as compo-

nents in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or in other applications

intended to support or sustain life, or in any other application in which the failure of AMD’s

product could create a situation where personal injury, death, or severe property or envi-

ronmental damage may occur. AMD reserves the right to discontinue or make changes to

its products at any time without notice.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

One AMD Place

P.O. Box 3453

Sunnyvale, CA 94088-3453

www.amd.com

For AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing:

URL: developer.amd.com/appsdk

Developing: developer.amd.com/

Forum: developer.amd.com/openclforum

AMD ACCELERATED PARALLEL PROCESSING

Preface iii

Preface

About This Document

This document provides a basic description of the AMD Accelerated Parallel

Processing environment and components. It describes the basic architecture of

stream processors and provides useful performance tips. This document also

provides a guide for programmers who want to use AMD Accelerated Parallel

Processing to accelerate their applications.

Audience

This document is intended for programmers. It assumes prior experience in

writing code for CPUs and a basic understanding of threads (work-items). While

a basic understanding of GPU architectures is useful, this document does not

assume prior graphics knowledge. It further assumes an understanding of

chapters 1, 2, and 3 of the OpenCL Specification (for the latest version, see

http://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/ ).

Organization

This AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing document begins, in Chapter 1, with

an overview of: the AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing programming models,

OpenCL, and the AMD Compute Abstraction Layer (CAL). Chapter 2 discusses

the AMD implementation of OpenCL. Chapter 3 discusses the compiling and

running of OpenCL programs. Chapter 4 describes using the AMD CodeXL GPU

Debugger and the GNU debugger (GDB) to debug OpenCL programs. Chapter 5

is a discussion of general performance and optimization considerations when

programming for AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing devices and the usage of

the AMD CodeXL GPU Profiler and APP KernelAnalyzer2 tools. Chapter 6 details

performance and optimization considerations specifically for Southern Island

devices. Chapter 7 details performance and optimization devices for Evergreen

and Northern Islands devices. Appendix A describes the supported optional

OpenCL extensions. Appendix B details the installable client driver (ICD) for

OpenCL. Appendix C details the compute kernel and contrasts it with a pixel

shader. Appendix D lists the device parameters. Appendix E describes the

OpenCL binary image format (BIF). Appendix F describes the OpenVideo

Decode API. Appendix G describes the interoperability between OpenCL and

OpenGL. The last section of this book is a glossary of acronyms and terms, as

well as an index.

AMD ACCELERATED PARALLEL PROCESSING

iv Preface

Conventions

The following conventions are used in this document.

Related Documents

• The OpenCL Specification, Version 1.1, Published by Khronos OpenCL

Working Group, Aaftab Munshi (ed.), 2010.

• AMD, R600 Technology, R600 Instruction Set Architecture, Sunnyvale, CA,

est. pub. date 2007. This document includes the RV670 GPU instruction

details.

• ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 - International Standard - Programming Languages - C

• Kernighan Brian W., and Ritchie, Dennis M., The C Programming Language,

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1978.

• I. Buck, T. Foley, D. Horn, J. Sugerman, K. Fatahalian, M. Houston, and P.

Hanrahan, “Brook for GPUs: stream computing on graphics hardware,” ACM

Trans. Graph., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 777–786, 2004.

• AMD Compute Abstraction Layer (CAL) Intermediate Language (IL)

Reference Manual. Published by AMD.

• Buck, Ian; Foley, Tim; Horn, Daniel; Sugerman, Jeremy; Hanrahan, Pat;

Houston, Mike; Fatahalian, Kayvon. “BrookGPU”

http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/brookgpu/

• Buck, Ian. “Brook Spec v0.2”. October 31, 2003.

http://merrimac.stanford.edu/brook/brookspec-05-20-03.pdf

• OpenGL Programming Guide, at http://www.glprogramming.com/red/

• Microsoft DirectX Reference Website, at http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-

us/directx

• GPGPU: http://www.gpgpu.org, and Stanford BrookGPU discussion forum

http://www.gpgpu.org/forums/

mono-spaced font A filename, file path, or code.

* Any number of alphanumeric characters in the name of a code format, parameter,

or instruction.

[1,2) A range that includes the left-most value (in this case, 1) but excludes the right-most

value (in this case, 2).

[1,2] A range that includes both the left-most and right-most values (in this case, 1 and 2).

{x | y} One of the multiple options listed. In this case, x or y.

0.0f

0.0

A single-precision (32-bit) floating-point value.

A double-precision (64-bit) floating-point value.

1011b A binary value, in this example a 4-bit value.

7:4 A bit range, from bit 7 to 4, inclusive. The high-order bit is shown first.

italicized word or phrase The first use of a term or concept basic to the understanding of stream computing.

AMD ACCELERATED PARALLEL PROCESSING

Preface v

Contact Information

URL: developer.amd.com/appsdk

Developing: developer.amd.com/

Forum: developer.amd.com/openclforum

REVISION HISTORY

Rev Description

1.3 e Deleted encryption reference.

1.3f Added basic guidelines to CL-GL Interop appendix.

Corrected code in two samples in Chpt. 4.

1.3g Numerous changes to CL-GL Interop appendix.

Added subsections to Additional Performance Guidance on CPU Programmers

Using OpenCL to Program CPUs and Using Special CPU Instructions in the

Optimizing Kernel Code subsection.

2.0 Added ELF Header section in Appendix E.

2.1 New Profiler and KernelAnalyzer sections in chapter 4.

New AMD gDEBugger section in chapter 3.

Added extensions to Appendix A.

Numerous updates throughout for Southern Islands, especially in Chapters 1

and 5.

Split original chapter 4 into three chapters. Now, chapter 4 is general consid-

erations for Evergreen, Northern Islands, and Southern Islands; chapter 5 is

specifically for Southern Islands devices; chapter 6 is for Evergreen and North-

ern Islands devices.

Update of Device Parameters in Appendix D.

2.1a Reinstated some supplemental compiler options in Section 2.1.4.

Changes/additions to Table 4.3

2.1b Minor change in Section 1.8.3, indicating that LDS model has not changed

from previous GPU families.

2.4 Addition of channel mapping information (chpt 5). Minor corrections through-

out. Deletion of duplicate material from chpt 6. Inclusion of upgraded index.

Minor rewording and corrections. Corrections in wording. Corrections to figure

1.8 for SI. Addition of AMD extensions. Memory object properties table delin-

eated for VM enabled/disabled. Added table for comparison of CPU/GPU in

AMD Trinity APU.

2.4a Minor, non-technical corrections.

2.5 Numerous individual corrections throughout. Update of performance values to

those matching the Radeon

HD 7XXX series. Changes to Table 4.2, Figure

5.1, Table 6.8. Addition of enums on page E-3. Addition of description of order

of OCL context creation in Appendix G.

2.6 Replacement of gDEBugger section with CodeXL GPU Debugger section.

Replacement of KernelAnalyzer section with KernelAnalyzer2 section.

Replacement of AMD APP Profiler with CodeXL GPU Profiler section.

2.7 Revisions to original chapter 1, which now is split between chapter 1 and the

new chapter 2. Clarifications to concepts throughout these two chapters. Cor-

responding changes to some figures. New Figure 2.2.

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