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苹果公司在2014年的开发者大会中推出的最新的Swift编程语言。
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!!
Welcome to Swift
!!
About Swift
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without
the constraints of C compatibility. Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make
programming easier, more flexible, and more fun. Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa
and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to reimagine how software development works.
Swift has been years in the making. Apple laid the foundation for Swift by advancing our existing compiler, debugger,
and framework infrastructure. We simplified memory management with Automatic Reference Counting (ARC). Our
framework stack, built on the solid base of Foundation and Cocoa, has been modernized and standardized
throughout. Objective-C itself has evolved to support blocks, collection literals, and modules, enabling framework
adoption of modern language technologies without disruption. Thanks to this groundwork, we can now introduce a
new language for the future of Apple software development.
Swift feels familiar to Objective-C developers. It adopts the readability of Objective-C’s named parameters and the
power of Objective-C’s dynamic object model. It provides seamless access to existing Cocoa frameworks and mix-
and-match interoperability with Objective-C code. Building from this common ground, Swift introduces many new
features and unifies the procedural and object-oriented portions of the language.
Swift is friendly to new programmers. It is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as
expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language. It supports playgrounds, an innovative feature that allows
programmers to experiment with Swift code and see the results immediately, without the overhead of building and
running an app.
Swift combines the best in modern language thinking with wisdom from the wider Apple engineering culture. The
compiler is optimized for performance, and the language is optimized for development, without compromising on
either. It’s designed to scale from “hello, world” to an entire operating system. All this makes Swift a sound future
investment for developers and for Apple.
Swift is a fantastic way to write iOS and OS X apps, and will continue to evolve with new features and capabilities.
Our goals for Swift are ambitious. We can’t wait to see what you create with it.
!!
A Swift Tour
Tradition suggests that the first program in a new language should print the words “Hello, world” on the screen. In
Swift, this can be done in a single line:
println("Hello, world")
If you have written code in C or Objective-C, this syntax looks familiar to you—in Swift, this line of code is a
complete program. You don’t need to import a separate library for functionality like input/output or string handling.
Code written at global scope is used as the entry point for the program, so you don’t need a main function. You also
don’t need to write semicolons at the end of every statement.
This tour gives you enough information to start writing code in Swift by showing you how to accomplish a variety of
programming tasks. Don’t worry if you don’t understand something—everything introduced in this tour is explained
in detail in the rest of this book.
NOTE
For the best experience, open this chapter as a playground in Xcode. Playgrounds allow you to edit the
code listings and see the result immediately.
!
Simple Values
Use let to make a constant and var to make a variable. The value of a constant doesn’t need to be known at
compile time, but you must assign it a value exactly once. This means you can use constants to name a value that
you determine once but use in many places.
1 var myVariable = 42
2 myVariable = 50
3 let myConstant = 42
A constant or variable must have the same type as the value you want to assign to it. However, you don’t always
have to write the type explicitly. Providing a value when you create a constant or variable lets the compiler infer its
type. In the example above, the compiler infers that myVariable is an integer because its initial value is a integer.
If the initial value doesn’t provide enough information (or if there is no initial value), specify the type by writing it after
the variable, separated by a colon.
1 let implicitInteger = 70
2 let implicitDouble = 70.0
3 let explicitDouble: Double = 70
EXPERIMENT
Create a constant with an explicit type of Float and a value of 4.
Values are never implicitly converted to another type. If you need to convert a value to a different type, explicitly
make an instance of the desired type.
1 let label = "The width is "
2 let width = 94
3 let widthLabel = label + String(width)
EXPERIMENT
Try removing the conversion to String from the last line. What error do you get?
There’s an even simpler way to include values in strings: Write the value in parentheses, and write a backslash (\)
before the parentheses. For example:
1 let apples = 3
2 let oranges = 5
3 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
4 let fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
EXPERIMENT
Use \() to include a floating-point calculation in a string and to include someone’s name in a greeting.
Create arrays and dictionaries using brackets ([]), and access their elements by writing the index or key in
brackets.
1 var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
2 shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
3
4 var occupations = [
5 "Malcolm": "Captain",
6 "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
7 ]
8 occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
To create an empty array or dictionary, use the initializer syntax.
1 let emptyArray = String[]()
2 let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
If type information can be inferred, you can write an empty array as [] and an empty dictionary as [:]—for
example, when you set a new value for a variable or pass an argument to a function.
shoppingList = [] // Went shopping and bought everything.
!
Control Flow
Use if and switch to make conditionals, and use for-in, for, while, and do-while to make loops. Parentheses
around the condition or loop variable are optional. Braces around the body are required.
1 let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
2 var teamScore = 0
3 for score in individualScores {
4 if score > 50 {
5 teamScore += 3
6 } else {
7 teamScore += 1
8 }
9 }
10 teamScore
In an if statement, the conditional must be a Boolean expression—this means that code such as if score { ...
} is an error, not an implicit comparison to zero.
You can use if and let together to work with values that might be missing. These values are represented as
optionals. An optional value either contains a value or contains nil to indicate that the value is missing. Write a
question mark (?) after the type of a value to mark the value as optional.
1 var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
2 optionalString == nil
3
4 var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
5 var greeting = "Hello!"
6 if let name = optionalName {
7 greeting = "Hello, \(name)"
8 }
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