第1章 绪论............................................................................................................13
1.1 Programmable Graphics Processing Unit发展历程....................................13
1.2 GPU VS CPU..................................................................................................15
1.3 国内外研究现状...........................................................................................18
1.4 本书主要内容和结构...................................................................................18
第2章GPU图形绘制管线.......................................................................................21
2.1 几何阶段.......................................................................................................22
2.1.1 从object space到world space............................................................23
2.1.2 从world space到eye space................................................................24
2.1.3 从eye space到project and clip space ................................................25
2.2 Primitive Assembly && Triangle setup .........................................................26
2.3 光栅化阶段...................................................................................................27
2.3.1 Rasterization .........................................................................................27
2.3.2 Pixel Operation .....................................................................................28
2.4 图形硬件.......................................................................................................30
2.4.1 GPU内存架构.....................................................................................30
2.4.2 Z Buffer与Z值...................................................................................31
2.4.3 Stencil Buffer ........................................................................................33
2.4.4 Frame Buffer .........................................................................................34
2.5 本章小节........................................................................................................35
第3章Shader Language............................................................................................36
3.1 Shader Language原理..................................................................................37
3.2 Vertex Shader Program.................................................................................39
3.3 Fragment Shader Program ............................................................................40
3.4 CG VS GLSL VS HLSL.................................................................................41
3.5 本章小结.......................................................................................................43
第4章 Cg语言概述..................................................................................................44
4.1 开始Cg之旅................................................................................................44
4.2 CG特性........................................................................................................45
9
4.3 CG 编译.......................................................................................................45
4.3.1 CG编译原理........................................................................................45
4.3.1 CGC编译命令.....................................................................................47
4.4 CG Profiles....................................................................................................50
第5章 CG数据类型................................................................................................53
5.1 基本数据类型...............................................................................................53
5.2 数组类型.......................................................................................................55
5.3 结构类型.......................................................................................................56
5.4 接口（Interfaces）类型...............................................................................58
5.5 类型转换.......................................................................................................58
第6章 CG表达式与控制语句................................................................................60
6.1 关系操作符（Comparison Operators）......................................................60
6.2 逻辑操作符（Logical Operators）..............................................................61
6.3 数学操作符（Math Operators）.................................................................62
6.4 移位操作符...................................................................................................62
6.5 Swizzle 操作符............................................................................................63
6.6条件操作符（Conditional Operators）........................................................64
6.7 操作符优先顺序...........................................................................................65
6.8控制流语句（Control Flow Statement）.....................................................66
第 7 章 输入\输出与语义绑定..................................................................................67
7.1 Cg关键字.....................................................................................................67
7.2 uniform..........................................................................................................68
7.3 const..............................................................................................................69
7.4 输入\输出修辞符（in\out\inout）..............................................................69
7.5语义词（Semantic）与语义绑定（Binding Semantics）..........................70
7.5.1输入语义与输入语义的区别...............................................................71
7.5.2顶点着色程序的输入语义...................................................................72
7.5.3顶点着色程序的输出语义...................................................................73
7.5.4片段着色程序的输出语义...................................................................75
10
7.5.5语义绑定方法.......................................................................................75
第 8 章 函数与程序设计............................................................................................79
8.1 函数...............................................................................................................79
8.1.1数组形参...............................................................................................80
8.2函数重载........................................................................................................81
8.3 入口函数.......................................................................................................82
8.4 CG标准函数库............................................................................................83
8.4.1数学函数（Mathematical Functions）................................................84
8.4.2几何函数（Geometric Functions）.....................................................87
8.4.3纹理映射函数（Texture Map Functions）.........................................88
8.4.4偏导函数（Derivative Functions）.....................................................91
8.4.5调试函数（Debugging Function）......................................................94
8.5 在未来将被解决的问题................................................................................94
开篇语：...............................................................................................................96
第 9 章 经典光照模型（illumination model）.........................................................97
9.1 光源...............................................................................................................97
9.2 漫反射与Lambert模型...............................................................................98
9.2.1 漫反射渲染..........................................................................................99
9.3镜面反射与Phong模型.............................................................................102
9.3.1 phong模型渲染..................................................................................103
9.4 Blinn-Phong光照模型...............................................................................107
9.5全局光照模型与Rendering Equation ........................................................109
9.6 本章小结.....................................................................................................110
第 10 章 高级光照模型............................................................................................ 111
10.1 Cook-Torrance光照模型.........................................................................112
10.1.1 Cook-Torrance光照模型渲染实现.................................................116
10.2 BRDF光照模型.......................................................................................118
10.2.1 什么是BRDF光照模型...............................................................118
10.2.2 什么是各向异性............................................................................119
11
10.3 Bank BRDF经验模型................................................................................120
10.4 本章小结...................................................................................................123
第 11 章 透明光照模型与环境贴图........................................................................124
11.1 Snell定律与Fresnel定律........................................................................125
11.1.1 折射率与Snell定律......................................................................125
11.1.2 色散................................................................................................126
11.1.3 Fresnel定律...................................................................................127
11.2环境贴图....................................................................................................128
11.3 简单透明光照模型...................................................................................132
11.4 复杂透明光照模型与次表面散射...........................................................136
第 12 章 投影纹理映射（Projective Texture Mapping）.......................................137
12.1 投影纹理映射的优点...............................................................................137
12.2 齐次纹理坐标（Homogeneous Texture Coordinates）..........................139
12.3原理与实现流程........................................................................................139
12.4 本章小结...................................................................................................143
第13章 Shadow Map ..............................................................................................144
13.1 什么是depth map.....................................................................................144
13.2 Shadow map与shadow texture的区别..................................................145
13.3 Shadow map原理与实现流程.................................................................146
第 14 章 体绘制（Volume Rendering）概述.........................................................152
14.1 体绘制与科学可视化...............................................................................153
14.2 体绘制应用领域.......................................................................................153
14.3 体绘制与光照模型...................................................................................154
14.4 体数据（Volume Data）.........................................................................155
14.4.2 体素（Voxel）................................................................................156
14.4.1 体纹理（Volume Texture）............................................................157
14.5 体绘制算法...............................................................................................159
第15章 光线投射算法（Ray Casting）................................................................160
15.1 光线投射算法原理...................................................................................160
12
15.1.1吸收模型...........................................................................................161
15.2 光线投射算法若干细节之处...................................................................161
15.2.1 光线如何穿越体纹理......................................................................161
15.2.2 透明度、合成..................................................................................163
15.2.3 沿射线进行采样..............................................................................164
15.2.2 如何判断光线投射出体纹理..........................................................166
15.3 算法流程...................................................................................................168
15.4 光线投射算法实现...................................................................................169
15.5 本章小结...................................................................................................172
附录A 齐次坐标................................................................................................173
附录B：体绘制的医学历程.............................................................................175
附录C：模板阴影（Stencil Shadow）............................................................178
参考文献....................................................................................................................182
