The Java
®
Virtual Machine Specification
iv
2.8.3 Value Set Conversion 20
2.9 Special Methods 21
2.10 Exceptions 23
2.11 Instruction Set Summary 25
2.11.1 Types and the Java Virtual Machine 26
2.11.2 Load and Store Instructions 29
2.11.3 Arithmetic Instructions 30
2.11.4 Type Conversion Instructions 32
2.11.5 Object Creation and Manipulation 34
2.11.6 Operand Stack Management Instructions 34
2.11.7 Control Transfer Instructions 34
2.11.8 Method Invocation and Return Instructions 35
2.11.9 Throwing Exceptions 36
2.11.10 Synchronization 36
2.12 Class Libraries 37
2.13 Public Design, Private Implementation 37
3
Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine 39
3.1 Format of Examples 39
3.2 Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs 40
3.3 Arithmetic 45
3.4 Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool 46
3.5 More Control Examples 47
3.6 Receiving Arguments 49
3.7 Invoking Methods 50
3.8 Working with Class Instances 53
3.9 Arrays 55
3.10 Compiling Switches 57
3.11 Operations on the Operand Stack 58
3.12 Throwing and Handling Exceptions 59
3.13 Compiling finally 63
3.14 Synchronization 66
3.15 Annotations 67
4
The class File Format 69
4.1 The ClassFile Structure 70
4.2 The Internal Form of Names 75
4.2.1 Binary Class and Interface Names 75
4.2.2 Unqualified Names 75
4.3 Descriptors and Signatures 75
4.3.1 Grammar Notation 76
4.3.2 Field Descriptors 76
4.3.3 Method Descriptors 78
4.3.4 Signatures 79
4.4 The Constant Pool 82
4.4.1 The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure 83
