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网络知识梳理

单位换算 .................................................................................................................................... 9

TCP/IP 协议 ................................................................................................................................ 9

常用端口号 .............................................................................................................................. 10

常用端口 .............................................................................................................................. 11

TCP 静态端口 ....................................................................................................................... 12

TCP 动态端口 ....................................................................................................................... 15

UDP 静态端口 ...................................................................................................................... 24

UDP 动态端口 ...................................................................................................................... 24

IP 地址 ........................................................................................................

组播 .......................................................................................................................................... 29

组播地址 .............................................................................................................................. 29

常用预留组播地址 .............................................................................................................. 30

IGMP ......................................................................................................................................... 31

IGMPv1 ................................................................................................................................. 31

IGMPv2 ................................................................................................................................. 32

IGMPv3 ................................................................................................................................. 33

IGMP SNOOPING .................................................................................................................. 34

组播配置 .............................................................................................................................. 34

PIM ........................................................................................................................................... 35

PIM-DM 模式 ....................................................................................................................... 35

PIM-SM 模式 ........................................................................................................................ 37

ICMP ......................................................................................................................................... 39

Tracert ...................................................................................................................................... 43

IP 报文转发流程 ...................................................................................................................... 44

STP 生成树协议 ....................................................................................................................... 46

RSTP ...................................................................................................................................... 50

PVST ...................................................................................................................................... 52

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PVST+ .................................................................................................................................... 53

MSTP ..................................................................................................................................... 53

多生成树协议（Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol，MSTP） ................................ 53

BPDU ..................................................................................................................................... 56

ARP ........................................................................................................................................... 58

报文格式 .............................................................................................................................. 58

工作流程 .............................................................................................................................. 59

RARP ......................................................................................................................................... 60

DHCP ......................................................................................................................................... 61

DHCP 客户机初始化 ............................................................................................................ 62

DHCP 客户机租期续约 ........................................................................................................ 63

思科 DHCP 配置 ................................................................................................................... 64

华为 DHCP 配置 ................................................................................................................... 65

DHCP Snooping ......................................................................................................................... 66

端口分类 .............................................................................................................................. 66

DHCP Snooping 表 ................................................................................................................ 66

Option 82 .............................................................................................................................. 67

工作原理 .............................................................................................................................. 67

配置 ...................................................................................................................................... 67

思科配置 .............................................................................................................................. 68

路由协议分类 .......................................................................................................................... 68

内部网关协议（Interior Gateway Protocol、IGP） .......................................................... 68

外部网关协议（Exterior Gateway Protocol、EGP） ......................................................... 69

OSPF .......................................................................................................................................... 70

一些概念 .............................................................................................................................. 70

两种版本 .............................................................................................................................. 71

四种网络类型 ...................................................................................................................... 71

四种路由器类型 .................................................................................................................. 72

五种区域 .............................................................................................................................. 72

报文类型及格式 .................................................................................................................. 74

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各 LSA 详解 .......................................................................................................................... 77 
建立邻居关系  (Neighbor) ................................................................................................... 82 
选举指派路由器（DR）和备份指派路由器（BDR） ....................................................... 83 
建立邻接关系（Adjacency） ............................................................................................. 84 
OSPF 计时器 ......................................................................................................................... 86 
触发更新机制 ...................................................................................................................... 87 
LSA 的老化机制 ................................................................................................................... 88 
平滑重启（Grace Restart，GR） ....................................................................................... 90 
特殊配置 .............................................................................................................................. 91 
常见故障 .............................................................................................................................. 92 
报错原因 .............................................................................................................................. 93 
ISIS ............................................................................................................................................ 97 
支持的网络类型 .................................................................................................................. 99 
报文类型 .............................................................................................................................. 99 
ISIS 启动过程 ..................................................................................................................... 101 
和 OSPF 的区别与联系 ...................................................................................................... 103 
BGP ......................................................................................................................................... 103 
基础概念 ............................................................................................................................ 104 
无类域间路由 .................................................................................................................... 104 
AS 自治区域编号 ............................................................................................................... 104 
报文类型 ............................................................................................................................ 108 
BGP 状态机 ........................................................................................................................ 110 
路由生成方式 .................................................................................................................... 114 
BGP 常用属性 .................................................................................................................... 114 
选路原则 ............................................................................................................................ 117 
通告原则 ............................................................................................................................ 117 
四种视图 ............................................................................................................................ 117 
VRRP ....................................................................................................................................... 117 
BFD ......................................................................................................................................... 119 
特殊配置 ............................................................................................................................ 122 

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MPLS ....................................................................................................................................... 123 
一些概念 ............................................................................................................................ 123 
标签异同 ............................................................................................................................ 123 
报文结构 ............................................................................................................................ 124 
转发依据及过程 ................................................................................................................ 124 
静态 LSP ............................................................................................................................. 125 
动态 LSP ............................................................................................................................. 126 
LDP ...................................................................................................................................... 126 
MPLS VPN ............................................................................................................................... 130 
SNMP ...................................................................................................................................... 135 
OID ...................................................................................................................................... 136 
报文格式 ............................................................................................................................ 140 
工程过程 ............................................................................................................................ 141 
SNMP 基本配置 ................................................................................................................. 141 
NQA ........................................................................................................................................ 143 
检测流程 ............................................................................................................................ 143 
配置方法 ............................................................................................................................ 143 
NQA-静态路由联动 ........................................................................................................... 144 
QOS ......................................................................................................................................... 145 
影响网络通信质量的因素 ................................................................................................ 145 
QoS 服务模型 .................................................................................................................... 146 
QoS 队列模型 .................................................................................................................... 147 
流量监管与整形 ................................................................................................................ 148 
QOS 的分类 ........................................................................................................................ 149 
MUX VLAN .............................................................................................................................. 150 
防火墙 .................................................................................................................................... 151 
安全区域 ............................................................................................................................ 151 
报文判断 ............................................................................................................................ 151 
安全策略 ............................................................................................................................ 151 
配置实例 ............................................................................................................................ 153 

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常用排查命令 .................................................................................................................... 154 
思科 ASA 常用排障命令 .................................................................................................... 157 
ASPF 机制 ........................................................................................................................... 159 
思科设备引擎冗余功能 ........................................................................................................ 160 
VLAN ....................................................................................................................................... 161 
字段解释 ............................................................................................................................ 161 
两种帧类型 ........................................................................................................................ 162 
帧、链路和接口类型 ........................................................................................................ 162 
转发原则 ............................................................................................................................ 163 
VLAN 通信 .............................................................................................................................. 165 
VLAN 抑制 .......................................................................................................................... 167 
Voice VLAN ......................................................................................................................... 168 
2、基于 VLAN 的 Voice VLAN 配置（IP Phone 上送带 Tag 语音报文）。 .... 170 
QINQ ................................................................................................................................... 171 
ACL .......................................................................................................................................... 173 
SSL ........................................................................................................................................... 174 
MSTP 专线 .............................................................................................................................. 174 
ACL .......................................................................................................................................... 174 
使用原则 ............................................................................................................................ 174 
标准访问列表 .................................................................................................................... 174 
扩展访问控制列表 ............................................................................................................ 175 
基于名称的访问控制列表 ................................................................................................ 175 
反向访问控制列表 ............................................................................................................ 175 
基于时间的访问控制列表 ................................................................................................ 176 
访问控制列表流量记录 .................................................................................................... 177 
Class-map 和 Policy-map .................................................................................................... 177 
Route-policy ....................................................................................................................... 178 
NAT ......................................................................................................................................... 180 
VPN ......................................................................................................................................... 181 
VPN 的分类 ........................................................................................................................ 181 