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2013年全国职称英语等级考试教材(理工类)
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【2013年全国职称英语等级考试教材(理工类)】是针对2013年度全国职称英语等级考试的专业复习材料,适用于理工科背景的考生。该教材可能包括了不同级别的文章,如A级、B级和C级,旨在帮助考生在词汇、阅读理解、完形填空等方面进行系统性的学习和准备。 根据标签【2013职称英语】,我们可以推断这本教材是为2013年的职称英语考试设计的,可能涵盖了当年考试的所有题型和要求。考生可以通过此教材了解到2013年考试的最新变化,特别是词汇部分、阅读判断、概括大意和完成句子、补全短文等核心题型没有变化,这意味着考生可以按照既定的复习计划进行准备,无需因教材变动而调整学习策略。 部分内容提到了一个实验,该实验研究了饥饿状态如何影响人的视觉感知。实验表明,饥饿的人看到与食物相关的单词会更清晰,而且他们更能准确识别出这些单词。这反映了内在生理状态(如饥饿)对感官体验的影响,即大脑的高层次思维过程参与了对外部信息的处理。实验设计包括让参与者在饥饿或饱腹状态下观看快速闪过的单词,并评估单词的亮度和辨认单词的能力。结果表明,饥饿状态下的参与者对食物相关单词的敏感度更高,这可能是大脑优先处理与生存需求相关的信息的一种机制。 通过这个实验,考生可以了解到心理学知识在实际生活中的应用,同时也可以借此理解考试可能会涉及到的科学现象解释。在准备职称英语考试时,不仅需要积累词汇和提高阅读理解能力,还要关注这些知识如何与现实生活相联系,从而提高答题的深度和广度。 2013年全国职称英语等级考试教材(理工类)提供了一个全面的复习框架,包含了考试所需的各项技能训练,并通过实例展示了学科知识的实际应用,有助于考生提升综合能力,应对考试挑战。
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2013 年职称英语等级考试用书(理工类)
注:
1、+表示 A 级文章;*表示 B 即文章;其他为 C 级文章;
2、阅读理解,请参见第 3 页;完形填空,请参见第 20 页;
3、2013 年词汇部分、阅读判断、概括大意和完成句子、补全短文与 2012 年教材相比未作任何变化 。
年职称英语(理工类)新增文章学习
阅读理解
第十一篇When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach
Our senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world; they’re affected by what’s going
on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who’ve
just eaten.
Psychologists have known for decades that what’s going on, inside our head affects our senses. For example,
poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi
Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis,France,wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen
right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’s high-level thinking processes
get involved.
Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to
arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were
told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry
when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for
about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive.
A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word,each person was asked how bright the word was and
asked to choose which of two words they’d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat.
Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words.
Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in
perception, not in thinking processes, Radel says.
“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the
experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says.
词汇:
threshold n.起点,开端;门槛
disposal n.处理,处置;配置
neutral adj.中性的;中立的
motive n.动机,目的
strive v.努力,力求;斗争注释:
1. Our senses aren’ t just delivering a strict view of ... in our heads:这个句子的大概意思是:我们的五官感觉不
仅仅让我们感知世界;五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。
2. University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis:法国尼斯•索菲亚•安提波利斯大学,简称尼斯大学,1965年经法国
政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大学在尼斯市设有7处主校园,另外,还在索菲亚• 安提波利斯市(Sophia
Antipolis)、戛纳市(Cannes)和芒东市(Menton)设有校区。索菲亚• 安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南侧的科
技园区,是许多髙等学府的所在地。
3. body mass index:身体质量指数
4. at the threshold of:当……快要开始时
5. in perception:感知
6. at the disposal of:受到……的控制
练习:
1. What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find?
A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.
B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.
C Hungry people are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.
D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.
2. Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment?
A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.
B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees, hungry and non-hungry.
C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment.
D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.
3. What does the writer want to tell us?
A Human's senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world.
B What's perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking.
C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.
D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses.
4. What did the results of the experiment indicate?
A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.
B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.
C People who had just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.
D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for.
5. What can we infer from the passage?
A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.
B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.
C Our thinking processes are independent of our senses.
D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.
答案与题解:
1. C第一段第二句是本题答案的依据。饥肠辘辘的人只是看food-related words比较清楚,选项C的句意与
上述句子的意思完全一致,是答案。选项A说的是every word, 所以不是答案。选项B和D文章中没有提到。
2. B答案的根据可在第三段找到。Radel为了保证42名学生到达实验室时是空腹,所以要求他们中午到达。
然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟了,请他们10分钟后再来。他又请另外一部分学生用午餐。Radel用推
迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者,即饥饿组与饱食组。选项B是答案。
3. C 虽然A、B、D选项均可在文中找到对应部分,但只属于细节,而非主旨,因此不能选。本文最后一
句给出了直接的答案。
4. A第四段第三行中consciously与A项中的intentionally是同义词。B项neutral意思为“中性的”,在本文中的
意思是与food-related相对的,即“与食物不相关的”,因此是错误选择; C 项不符合课文原意; D项barely意
为“仅仅,勉强,几乎没有”,因此也不符合句意。 3 / 21 更多精品在大家! hp://club.topsage.com/ 大家网,大家的!
5. D选项A所说的实验样本的大小与本题主旨无关,不是答案,而是干扰项;B、C内容也不能直接从短文
中推断出来。选项D是答案。最后一段第二句的“Humans can really perceive what they need or what they
strive for” 为选择D 项提供了依据。
参考译文
第十一篇 我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口
我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界;还受大脑活动的影响。一项新研究发现:比起那些刚刚用过餐的人,
饥饿的人能更清晰地看到与食品有关的词。
数十年以来,心理学家已经知道我们的心理活动直接影响到我们的视觉。例如,贫穷的孩子看到的硬币
比实际的要大;饥饿的人看到的食物图片更明亮。法国的尼斯•索菲亚•安提波利斯大学试图调查这一现
象:发生这种情况的时间是在大脑从眼睛接收到视觉信号的即时还是稍后些,这时高级思维活动已经介
入了。
雷戴尔招募了健康指数正常的42位学生作为被试者。在测试的当天,每个学生被告知在中午到达实验室,
这时距上一次的用餐时间有3〜4个小时。等他们到达实验室时,他们被告知实验时间有延迟。一半学生
被告知十分钟后再回来;其余的给1个小时的时间先吃午饭。所以一半学生饿着肚子,另一半学生饱腹参
加了此次实验。
实验的步骤如下:要求被试者看电脑屏幕。屏幕上的80个字以1/300秒的频率闪动。由于字体非常之小,
被试者只能凭感觉捕捉到字形。1/4的字是与食物有关的。每闪动一个字,被试者回答字体的亮度并选择
看到的是哪类词:一类是和食物有关的词,比如“蛋糕”;一类是中性词,比如“船”。由于每个词的闪动在
瞬间完成,被试者根本看不清楚那个词是什么。
饥饿的人看到与食物有关的词更明亮,且能更好地辨认出与食物有关的词。由于每个词的闪动太快,其
实那些被试者根本不会确切地看到什么,这就说明:他们只是感觉不同,根本没经过思考。雷戴尔给出
了这样的解释。
雷戴尔说:“这就是重点所在。人类可以真正感知到自身的需要或者为之奋斗的目标。该实验使我了解这
样的事实,即我们的大脑是受我们的动机和需要所支配的。
第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience
Shimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs,
dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback. The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-
tall robot is billed as an interactive “musical friend”.
“Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music,” said Professor Gil
Weinberg, the robot’s creator. He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco.
A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and
composed according to its movements.
Shimi is essentially a docking station with a “brain” powered by an Android phone. Once docked, the robot gains
the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device. In other words, if there’s an “app” for
that, Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phone’s camera and face-detecting software,Shimi can follow a
listener around the room and position its “ears”,or speakers, for optimal sound. Another recognition feature is
based on rhythm and tempo. If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and
immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion. Once the music starts,Shimi dances to the rhythm.
“Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph. D.
candidate Mason Bretan. “Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive. ’’Future apps in the works
will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next
song or increase/decrease the volume. The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on
the user’s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.
Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi’s creative and interactive
capabilities. “I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes.” Weinberg
said.
Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia
Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. “If robots are going
to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines一small, entertaining and fun,,,Weinberg
said. “They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots in our lives.”
词汇:
pump v.用抽水机抽;不断播放(音乐)
scan v.扫描;浏览
skip v.轻跳,跳跃
sync n.同步,同时;v.使同步
tempo n.速度;节奏
注释:
1. Georgia Tech:全称是Georgia Institute of Technology,佐治亚理工学院,建于1885 年,位于亚特兰大市中
心。佐治亚理工学齒是美国南部最大的公立理工学院,也是全美最顶尖的理工学院之一,排名仅次于麻省
理工学院(MIT)和加州理工学院(CalTech)。
2. pump:不断播放(音乐)。例如:This radio station recently pumps out pop music. (这家 广播电台近来连续
播放流行音乐。)
3. smartphone-enabled:由智能手机系统支持的
4. is billed as:相当于is advertised as,意为“被标榜为”。
5. docking station: 插接站,扩充基座,扩展插口
-6. Android:(科幻小说里的)机器人。本文指用于智能手机和便携式计算机移动设备的一种以Linus为基础
的开放源代码操作系统,通过接口和插槽连接多种外部设备。目前Android 尚未有统一中文译名,国内
较多人翻译成“安卓”或“安致”。据2012年2月数据, Android 占据全球智能手机操作系统市场52.5%的份额,
中国市场占有率为68.4%。
7. dock:对接
8. the sensing and musical generation capabilities:传感和音乐生成能力
9. app:应用程序(=application)
10. if the user taps a beat:如果用户打出某个(音乐)拍子
11. in the works:正在准备阶段;在进行中或准备中
12. intelligent service robots:智能服务型机器人
练习:
1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs?
A Shimi is a one-foot tall robot.
B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion.
C Shimi is a docking station with a“ brain” powered by an Android phone.
D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device.
2. What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat?
A It stores the beat in the musical library.
B It transmits the beat to the docking station.
C It positions its speakers for optimal sound.
D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.
3. Which of the following about Shimi is true?
A Robots are limited by their programming instructions, and Shimi is no exception.
B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song.
C Existing apps allow the user to wave a hand to alert Shimi to turn up/down the volume.
D Shimi can be creative and interactive.
4. What does the author want to tell us?
A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi.
B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech. to develop more apps for Shimi.
C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization.
D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes.
5. Which of the following is Weinberg’s assertion?
A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones.
B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes.
C Shimi's creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users.
D Weinberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi.
答案与题解:
1. B在前三段中均可找到与选项A、C、D相应的句子,强调Shimi是一种电子设备;B与原文不符, Shimi不
是该机器人的发明者,Gil Weinberg教授才是the robot’s creator。
2. D选项D简要地表述了第三段的倒数第二句“If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s
musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思,所以是答案。选项
A、B、C都不符合上述句子的含义。
3. D选项A的意思与原文相反。虽然人们认为机器人受到程序指令的限制,但Shimi却表现出具有创造能
力和互动能力,所以A不是答案。选项D的意思与原文相同,因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未来的应
用程序: future apps in the works,而选项B,C是指目前的应用程序,两者的表述均与原文有出入。
4. A第三段介绍Shimi的多种功能,第四段和第五段说Weinberg还在开发更多的应用程序来丰富Shimi的功
能,还希望其他研发者也参与开发,因此,A是答案。选项B说Weinberg 仅仅希望Georgia Tech员工参与
开发更多的应用软件,这与原文不符。文章最后一段告诉我们,Weinberg正在与Georgia Tech进行有关
Shimi商业化的谈判,选项C的意思与此相反,不会是答案。选项D也与原文不符。
5. B选项A、C和D的内容Weinberg都没有说过。第三段告诉我们,Shimi是Android smart phone的扩充基
座,并不适用于所有智能手机,所以A选项不正确;Shimi尚未进入市场,还谈不上公众对Shimi欣赏与否
的问题,因此选项C不符合原意;Shimi正在进行商业化运作,但绝非已经完成,所以D也不是正确选项。
本题的答案是B,依据是最后一段倒数第二句。
参考译文
第十九篇 音乐机器人伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验
Shimi是由佐治亚理工大学音乐技术中心研发的一款音乐伴侣。它可以根据听者的反馈推荐合乎节拍的歌
曲、舞蹈;并且不断播放音乐。这款髙1英尺的机器人是由智能手机系统支持的,因此被标榜为“一个可
以互动的音乐朋友”。
Gil Weinberg教授是该机器人的发明者,他解释说:“Shimi设计的宗旨是改变人们欣赏音乐、认识音乐的
方式。”他将在今年6月27日在旧金山的谷歌I/O大会上展示这款机器人。一个由三个机器人组成的乐队将
为来宾演奏,并伴随音乐起舞。而音乐是根据不同的运动形式编制的。
Shimi实际上是一个扩充基座,它的“大脑”由安卓手机控制。一旦连接上,机器人便从用户的移动装置获
得传感和音乐生成能力。换言之,只要有应用程序,机器人便能使用。例如,通过手机的照相机和辨认
脸型的软件,Shimi就能在房间周围跟踪到听众,然后安置好它的“耳朵”或扬声器,以确保输送最佳声音。
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