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Introduction to Impulse Radio

UWB Seamless Access Systems

Hans-Juergen Pirch, HID Global

Frank Leong, NXP Semiconductors

This technical white paper was written on behalf of the FiRa Consortium and presented at the

Fraunhofer SIT ID:SMART Workshop held February 19 and 20, 2020 in Darmstadt, Germany.

Abstract

In this paper we present an overview on the development and standardization of ultra-wideband

systems, technical aspects of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and improvements made by the 802.15.4z

amendment. We also explain the basic workings of a physical access system, the desired seamless

access experience and how ultra-wideband technology can enable it. In addition, we briey compare

ultra-wideband to facial recognition access systems. We conclude by mentioning how ultra-wideband

technology may extend to other related applications.

1) Introduction

1.1 Scope

Impulse Radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) systems have received signicant media attention

throughout 2019. This is due to announcements from high prole companies that they are

either investing in, or have already released this technology in their new products. Some

examples of this are Apple’s iPhone 11 and the Car Connectivity Consortium press release.

In this paper we provide an overview of this technology and illustrate one of the most popular use-

cases, seamless access, in more detail.

https://carconnectivity.org/press-release/car-connectivity-consortium-unveils-new-features-for-digital-key-specication/

https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-built-uwb-into-the-iphone-11-heres-what-you-need-to-know-faq/

1.2 A Brief History

UWB stands for ultra-wideband and this general term applies to any radio communication system

that employs a wide bandwidth, typically dened as either a 10 dB bandwidth greater than 20% of

the center frequency or greater than 500 MHz in absolute terms [Itur06]. Most of the recent research

and work in this eld relates to IR-UWB systems in particular, meaning systems that employ very short

duration / high bandwidth pulses for their communication. This paper primarily refers to such systems,

so the term UWB is often used synonymously with IR-UWB, even if not explicitly stated.

UWB systems are not new. Rather, they are the oldest form of radio communication. In 1887

Heinrich Hertz built the rst experimental spark-gap transmitter to prove Maxwell’s prediction of

electromagnetic waves [Huur03]. Guglielmo Marconi later used impulse transmissions in his telegraph

systems, including the famous transatlantic transmissions in 1901.

Approximately fty years after Marconi’s inventions, impulse radio transmissions gained some traction

in radar applications, primarily for military purposes [Neko05].

In the early 1990s Robert Scholtz and Moe Win started to collaborate at the University of Southern

California, providing the basis for UWB wireless networks. They were the rst to demonstrate

superiority of UWB in multipath environments due to its resilience to fading and interference.

As interest in the commercialization of UWB increased, an extensive study was conducted by the U.S.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which led to the authorization of the commercial use of

UWB for selected applications in February 2002 [Neko05]. The amount of bandwidth for development

of commercial UWB technology was unprecedented and represents the widest band available for

license free radio use today (7.5 GHz of useable spectrum bandwidth). The radiated power of such

systems was strictly limited to prevent interference with other technologies.

1.3 Standardization

In addition to regulatory bodies such as the FCC and ETSI, other standard setting organizations like

the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) became involved in UWB systems early on.

Early commercial UWB efforts were focused on high data rate communications, using Orthogonal

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). Only later did

the focus shift to ranging and geolocation, and in 2004 the IEEE established the 802.15.4a task group

to develop a standard for such applications including an associated UWB physical layer (PHY). An

updated version of this PHY is included in [Ieee15]. The IEEE is currently developing a security extension

for IR-UWB systems in the form of the 802.15.4z amendment, thereby further improving the current

specication in multiple aspects, some of which we will discuss in this paper.

Building on this standardization activity, other bodies, such as the FiRa Consortium, have taken the IEEE

802.15.4 PHY and MAC specications as the basis for further extensions. These include the specication

of an application layer and service-specic protocols to support a variety of vertical market applications,

thus creating standards for end-to-end, interoperable UWB systems.

Introduction to Impulse Radio UWB Seamless Access Systems Page 2

https://ethw.org/Robert_A._Scholtz, https://ethw.org/Moe_Z._Win

CH5 CH6 CH8 CH9 CH10 CH12 CH13

CH14

CH1 CH2 CH3CH0

(MHz)

3494.4 3993.6 4492.8 6489.6 6988.8 7448.0 7987.2 8486.4 8985.6 9484.8 9984.0

499.2

CH4: 1331.2 MHz CH7: 1081.6 MHz CH11: 1331.2 MHz CH15: 1354.97 MHz

Band Group 0 Band Group 1 Band Group 2

5 GHz ISM Band

Figure 1: IEEE 802.15.4-2015 - HRP PHY band allocation (blue channels have 499.2 MHz bandwidth, others as noted)

Introduction to Impulse Radio UWB Seamless Access Systems

2) Radio Channel

2.1 Frequency Bands

The FCC authorizes the commercial use of UWB devices in the frequency band from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz

with a very restricted Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of -41.3 dBm/MHz [Fccx02] [Fccx05].

[Ieee15] divides this spectrum further into individual channels as shown in Figure 1 below.

The frequency band is divided into three separate groups:

• Band Group 0: sub-gigahertz channel

• Band Group 1: low-band HRP UWB channels

• Band Group 2: high-band HRP UWB channels

From Figure 1 it can be seen that not all of the FCC authorized bandwidth has been assigned to channels

within [Ieee15]. The frequency gap between Band Group 1 and Band Group 2 was introduced in order to

avoid interference between UWB and technologies in the 5 GHz ISM band (e.g., WiFi).

In Europe, further restrictions apply to Band Group 1, such that a device using those channels needs to

implement a Low Duty Cycle (LDC) mitigation technique as well as Detect And Avoid (DAA) mechanism

[Etsi16]. These additional restrictions make the use of Band Group 2 channels more attractive for

globally deployed UWB devices.

2.2 Pulse Shape

In order to match the UWB signal to the 500 MHz bandwidth of [Ieee15], the pulse shape needs to be

chosen carefully to ensure compliance to the [Ieee15] specied transmit spectrum mask and avoid

distortion of adjacent channels. Additionally, stringent regulatory transmit limits must be respected.

Figure 2 shows the [Ieee15] Root Raised Cosine (RRC) HRP UWB reference pulse with a center frequency

that corresponds to channel 9, as well as an upconverted 8

order Butterworth low pass pulse with a

-3 dB bandwidth of 500 MHz and a center frequency that corresponds to channel 5. Both of these

pulses would meet the requirements specied in [Ieee15] to be used for IR-UWB radios.

Page 3

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