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知识点：Apache Ant 简介与使用指南一、引言 Apache Ant 是一款由 Apache Software Foundation 开发的 Java 基础构建工具。这款工具的显著特点在于其构建文件采用 XML 格式编写，充分利用了 XML 的开放标准、便携性和易读性。对于希望在 Java 项目中实现自动化构建流程的开发者而言，Apache Ant 提供了一种高效且灵活的解决方案。二、为何需要构建工具？在深入探讨 Apache Ant 之前，首先需要理解构建工具存在的必要性。想象一下，如果你每天都要手动执行以下操作： 1. 编译代码 2. 打包二进制文件 3. 部署二进制文件到测试服务器 4. 测试代码变更 5. 在不同位置间复制代码如果上述任何一项任务占据了你的时间，那么自动化这些过程将极大减轻你的工作负担。平均而言，开发人员每天大约花费三小时（在一个八小时的工作日内）处理如构建和部署等常规任务。如果能节省这三小时，无疑会极大地提高工作效率。三、Apache Ant 的功能特性 Apache Ant 拥有以下关键特性，使其成为 Java 构建和部署任务的理想选择： 1. 完备的 Java 构建和部署工具：Ant 提供全面的功能覆盖，能够满足各种 Java 项目的构建需求。 2. 平台中立：Ant 能够处理平台特定属性，如文件分隔符，确保跨平台兼容性。 3. 平台特定任务执行：例如，使用 'touch' 命令修改文件的修改时间。 4. XML 脚本：Ant 脚本基于纯 XML 编写，对于熟悉 XML 的用户来说，学习 Ant 将非常迅速。 5. 自动化复杂重复任务：Ant 擅长自动化那些耗时且重复的构建步骤。 6. 大量预定义任务：Ant 内置了一系列常用任务，无需额外编写脚本即可使用。 7. 自定义任务接口：允许用户开发自定义任务，以满足特殊需求。 8. 命令行调用：Ant 可以轻松地从命令行界面执行，并与免费或商业 IDE 无缝集成。四、安装 Apache Ant 在开始使用 Apache Ant 之前，需确保已下载并安装了 Java Development Kit (JDK)。Apache Ant 作为开源软件发布，遵循 Apache Software License。最新版本的 Apache Ant，包括完整源码、类文件和文档，可从 http://ant.apache.org 获取。五、配置环境变量为了正确运行 Apache Ant，需设置 JAVA_HOME 环境变量，指向 JDK 的安装目录。此外，还需要设置 ANT_HOME 环境变量，指向 Apache Ant 的安装目录。PATH 环境变量应包含 %ANT_HOME%\bin 目录，以确保可以在命令行中直接调用 Ant。六、Ant 构建文件结构 Ant 的构建文件通常命名为 build.xml，采用 XML 格式编写。构建文件包含一系列 target 元素，每个 target 对应一个具体的构建任务，可以依赖其他 target。通过这种结构，Ant 能够根据依赖关系自动执行构建任务。七、Ant 常用任务 Ant 提供了大量预定义任务，包括但不限于： 1. javac：用于编译 Java 源代码。 2. jar：用于打包 Java 类文件为 JAR 文件。 3. copy：用于复制文件或目录。 4. mkdir：用于创建目录。 5. delete：用于删除文件或目录。 6. echo：用于输出文本信息。八、自定义任务除了内置任务，Ant 还支持自定义任务的开发。这使得用户可以根据项目需求扩展 Ant 的功能。自定义任务可以通过编写 Java 类实现，然后在构建文件中引用。九、Ant 与持续集成 Ant 不仅适用于本地构建，还可以与持续集成工具（如 Jenkins 或 Travis CI）结合使用，实现自动化测试和部署。通过这种方式，Ant 成为 DevOps 工作流中的关键组件之一。十、Ant 社区与资源 Apache Ant 拥有一个活跃的社区，提供了丰富的文档、示例和插件。对于初学者而言，官方网站（http://ant.apache.org）提供了详尽的教程和参考资料。此外，社区论坛和邮件列表也是寻求帮助和支持的好去处。总结： Apache Ant 是一款功能强大且高度可定制的 Java 构建工具，能够显著提高开发效率，减少重复劳动。无论是对于个人开发者还是企业级项目，掌握 Ant 的使用都是值得投资的技能。通过合理利用 Ant 的自动化能力，可以更专注于代码质量和项目创新，而不是繁琐的构建流程。

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Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning

1 | P a g e

Apache ANT Tutorial

Tutorialspoint.com

Apache Ant is a Java based build tool from Apache Software Foundation. Apache Ant's build files

are written in XML and take advantage of the open standard, portable and easy to understand

nature of XML. For more detail kindly check tutorialspoint.com/ant

Why do you need a build tool?

Before diving deep into the definition of Apache Ant, one must understand the need for a build

tool. Why do I need Ant, or more specifically, why do I need a build tool?

Do you spend your day doing the following manually?

 Compile code

 Package the binaries

 Deploy the binaries to the test server

 Test your changes

 Copy code from one location to another

If you have answered yes to any of the above, then it is time to automate the process and take

away that burden from you.

On average, a developer spends 3 hours (out of a 8 hour working day) doing mundane tasks

like build and deployment. Wouldn't you be delighted to get back the 3 hours?

Enter Apache Ant. Apache Ant is an operating system build and deployment tool that can be

executed from a command line.

Features of Apache Ant

 Ant is the most complete Java build and deployment tool available.

 Ant is platform neutral and can handle platform specific properties such as file

separators.

 Ant can be used to perform platform specific tasks such as modifying the modified time

of a file using 'touch' command.

 Ant scripts are written using plain XML. If you are already familiar with XML, you can

learn Ant pretty quickly.

 Ant is good at automating complicated repetitive tasks.

 Ant comes with a big list of predefined tasks.

 Ant provides an interface to develop custom tasks.

 Ant can be easily invoked from the command line and it can integrate with free and

commercial IDEs.

Installing Apache Ant

It is assumed that you have already downloaded and installed Java Development Kit (JDK) on

your computer. If not, please follow the instructions here.

Apache Ant is distributed under the Apache Software License, a fully-fledged open source

license certified by the open source initiative.

The latest Apache Ant version, including full-source code, class files and documentation can be

found at http://ant.apache.org.

Tutorials Point, Simply Easy Learning

2 | P a g e

1. Ensure that the JAVA_HOME environment variable is set to the folder where your JDK is

installed.

2. Download the binaries from http://ant.apache.org

3. Unzip the zip file to a convenient location using Winzip, winRAR, 7-zip or similar tools,

say c:\ folder.

4. Create a new environment variable called ANT_HOME that points to the Ant

installation folder, in this case c:\apache-ant-1.8.2-bin folder.

5. Append the path to the Apache Ant batch file to the PATH environment variable. In our

case this would be the c:\apache-ant-1.8.2-bin\bin folder.

Ant - Build Files

Typically, Ant's build file, build.xml should live in the project's base directory. Although you are

free to use other file names or place the build file in some other location.

For this exercise, create a file called build.xml anywhere in your computer.

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<echo>Hello World - Welcome to Apache Ant!</echo>

</target>

</project>

Please note that there should be no blank lines or whitespaces before the xml declaration. If you

do, this may cause an error message when running the ant build - The processing instruction

target matching "[xX][mM][lL]" is not allowed.

All buildfiles require the project element and at least one target element.

The XML element project has three attributes :

Attributes

Description

name

The Name of the project. (Optional)

default

The default target for the build script. A project may contain any number of

targets. This attribute specifies which target should be considered as the

default. (Mandatory)

basedir

The base directory (or) the root folder for the project. (Optional)

A target is a collection of tasks that you want to run as one unit. In our example, we have a

simple target to provide an informational message to the user.

Targets can have dependencies on other targets. For example, a deploy target may have a

dependency on the package target, and the package target may have a dependency on the

compile target and so forth. Dependencies are denoted using the depends attribute. For

example:

....

</target>

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