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EM-MWD信号在泡沫中透射机理及其应用研究.doc
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EM-MWD信号在泡沫中透射机理及其应用研究.doc
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摘 要
自 2003 年以来,我国成为居美国之后的第二大石油消费国。2005 年我国成为继美国、
日本之后的第三大石油进口国。大量石油消费和进口已严重影响我国的经济增长速度并严重
威胁我国国防安全。因此,我国必须采取积极有效的措施发展石油钻采新技术,提高石油产
量。
欠平衡钻井具有减少产层伤害、有利于及时发现和评价低压低渗油气层、大幅度提高机
械钻速、有效控制漏失、减少压差卡钻等优点,因此欠平衡钻井成为目前国内开发低压、低
渗、低产油气层的一种趋势。采用欠平衡钻井技术与定向井、水平井、大位移井技术结合可
以大幅度提高经济效益。这种结合技术的关键问题之一是钻进过程中的井底测量信号传输问
题,欠平衡钻井所采用的配套钻井液技术之一为气基流体低压钻井介质系列(空气钻井、雾、
泡沫、充气泥浆),然而国内常用的泥浆脉冲式 MWD 由于信号通道存在多相流体状态干扰
导致难以向地面传输测量信号达到实时监测井眼轨迹和识别地层的要求。电磁波式 MWD
(又可简称为 EM-MWD)是通过井底仪器发射电磁波信号到地面天线获取数据,对钻井液
要求远没有泥浆脉冲式 MWD 要求高,所以电磁波式 MWD 在欠平衡钻井中具有广阔前景。
与欧美等国的电磁波式 MWD 相比,俄罗斯电磁波式 MWD 价格相对低廉,中国地质大学
(武汉)是国内首个引进俄罗斯电磁波式 MWD(ZTS 系列)的单位,已在胜利油田、大陆
科钻、辽河油田使用常规钻井液的钻井中进行了生产试验,并取得了一定的成绩。
电磁波式 MWD 仪器上下两端通过电隔离器绝缘,发射的信号以钻杆柱为一路,地层为
一路在地表形成回路,地面接收装置接收信号进行解码。向地层传播的这一路信号必须首先
穿透环空介质,再向地层中传播。国内的欠平衡钻井中还未采用电磁波式 MWD 系统进行钻
井作业,特别是国内欠平衡钻井广泛采用泡沫钻井液,电磁波式 MWD 发射的电磁波信号能
否穿透钻井环空的泡沫介质再向地层中传播还没有研究。
本文旨在通过分析电磁波式 MWD 工作原理,泡沫钻井液的结构以及在实验室中配制油
田常用泡沫钻井液并测试其电导率;同时以超低频电磁波近场电路特性、电磁波衰减理论、
电磁波反射理论分析欠平衡钻井中环空介质为泡沫时,影响电磁波 MWD 向地层透射信号的
机理。介绍了美国电磁波式 MWD 在欠平衡井的应用,并详细介绍俄罗斯电磁波式 MWD
(ZTS 系列)在中国的应用,分析其适用于欠平衡钻井需解决的问题。
全文共分七章,各章的研究内容如下:
第一章 绪论部分。主要介绍课题的来源、课题研究的目的和意义、国内外研究现状、
课题的难点以及课题主要研究内容及技术路线。
第二章 泥浆脉冲式 MWD 应用局限性。主要介绍欠平衡钻井的类型、优越性,泥浆脉
冲式 MWD 工作原理,以及其在欠平衡钻井中的局限性。
第三章 电磁波式 MWD 相关理论。首先介绍了电磁波式 MWD 工作原理,然后分析电
磁波式 MWD 通信的等效线传输法。最后分析影响电磁波式 MWD 信号传输的因素,其中包
括钻杆的引导作用、激励源频率、地层电阻率、特制钻杆天线参数与激励电流关系、表层金
属套管以及环空介质电阻率。
第四章 泡沫及其电导率研究。首先在介绍泡沫流体组成的基础上,分析了泡沫钻井液
的结构。详细介绍了笔者进行的室内泡沫钻井液的电导率测试实验,结合国内外学者对泡沫
钻井液电导率研究所获得的数据进行了分析,确定了泡沫电导率(电阻率)值的范围。
第五章 电磁波在泡沫中的传输模型。通过超低频电磁波近场电路特性、电磁波在介质
传播的衰减理论和反射理论建立的模型,分析了环空泡沫影响电磁波信号向地层透射的因素。
因素之一是泡沫电阻使电磁波分流,之二是泡沫对电磁波吸收,之三是泡沫的多相结构对电
磁波的严重反射。
第六章 EM-MWD 应用研究。首先介绍了美国几家公司生产的 EM-MWD 系统在欠平衡
钻井现场的应用,然后详细分析俄罗斯 EM-MWD(ZTS 系列)的结构特征,以及在胜利油
田、辽河油田生产试验情况,最后分析俄罗斯 EM-MWD 适用于欠平衡钻井需解决的问题。
第七章 结论与建议。在总结和归纳全文的基础上,对今后的工作提出建议和对策。
关键词:电磁波式 MWD;环空泡沫;电导率;透射;应用
Study on EM-MWD signal transmission mechanism
in foam and application
Master Candidate:JI Feng Supervisor:YAN Tai-ning
Abstract
Since 2003, China has become as the second largest oil consuming countries after United
States. In 2005, China has become as the third largest oil importing countries subsequent to United
States and Japan. Large oil consumption and import seriously impacted the economic growth rate
of China and threatened our national security. Therefore, China must take positive and effective
measures for the development of new oil drilling and production technology to increase oil
production.
Underbalanced drilling have many advantages such as reduce pay formation harmed, timely
identify and evaluate low pressure and low permeability reservoirs, significantly enhance the
penetration rate, effective control leakage and reduce differential pipe sticking, so it has been trend
as the current domestic development of low pressure, low permeability and low reservoir.
Underbalanced drilling technology associated with directional well, horizontal well, and extended
reach well technique can greatly improve economic efficiency. One of the key problems in this
combinative technology is the measured signal transmission downhole in drilling. One of the fluid
techniques usually used in underbalanced drilling is the low-pressure gas-based drilling fluid
medium Series (air, mist, foam, aeration). However, mud-pulse MWD commonly used in China is
difficult to transmit measured signal to surface to achieve real-time monitoring well trajectory and
identifying formation because of disturbance from multiphase fluid in signal channel. In
EM-MWD, the downhole instrument sends electromagnetic signals to the surface antenna and
receives data, the requirement of fluid is much lower than mud-pulse MWD, and therefore
EM-MWD has board prospects in underblanlanced drilling. Compared with Europe and United
States, Russian EM-MWD is paid lower. China University of Geosciences(Wuhan) firstly
imported the Russian EM-MWD(ZTS) in China ,which has production tested in Shengli oilfield,
CCSD, Liaohe oilfield and have achieved some results.
EM-MWD top and bottom ends are insulated by electrical divider, electromagnetic signals
buildup loop through drillstring and formation, the surface equipment receive and decode signals.
The signals transmission by formation must firstly penetrate annular medium, then spread
formation. In china, there is no EM-MWD used in underblanced drilling, it is widely used foam
drilling fluid in underbalanced drilling and the electromagnetic signals of EM-MWD whether can
penetrate annular foam to formation has not been researched.
This paper seeks to analyze the operating principles of EM-MWD, the structure of foam,
make up foam used in oilfield and test its electric conductivity. Meanwhile, study on the
mechanism of impact EM-MWD signal transmission to formation when using foam in annular
medium in underbalanced drilling by ultra low frequency electromagnetic wave near field electric
circuit characteristic, the attenuation and reflection theories of electromagnetic wave. It introduces
the United States EM-MWD application in the underbalanced drilling, detailed describes the
Russian EM-MWD (ZTS type) application in China, analyzes how to solve problems when
Russian EM-MWD applied in underbalanced drilling.
The paper has seven chapters, and the main contents of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter introduces the topic origin, research goal, significance, domestic and foreign
research present situation, the research difficulties, the main research contents and technical route.
The second chapter introduces the mud-pulse MWD limitation in underbalanced drilling. It
contains the underbalanced drilling types, advantages, the principle of mud-pulse and its limitation
used in underbalanced drilling.
The third chapter discusses the EM-MWD related theories. First introduce the operational
principles of EM-MWD, and then introduce the effective transmission line method. Finally,
analyzes the affecting factors of EM-MWD signal transmission,including the lead role of drill
pipe, excitation frequency, formation resistivity, the relationship between special drillpipe antenna
parameters and excitation current, surface metal casing and annular medium.
The forth chapter introduces foam and its conductivity research. First, analyzes the foam
drilling fluid structure on the basis of introduction in the composition of foam. Then it introduces
the foam conductivity test in the laboratory in detail and analyzes the obtained data combined with
the present situation of the domestic and foreign scholars’ research on foam conductivity.
The fifth chapter discusses the electromagnetic wave transmission model in foam. Making
model by ultra low frequency electromagnetic wave near field electric circuit characteristic, the
attenuation and reflection theory of electromagnetic wave, and analyzes the influences of
EM-MWD signal transmission from annular to formation. It includes three factors. The first is
electromagnetic wave partial current because of foam resistivity, the second is electromagnetic
wave absorbed by foam and the third is electromagnetic wave being reflected seriously because of
the heterogeneous structure of foam.
The sixth chapter introduces EM-MWD application. First it introduces application in the
United States several companies’ EM-MWD system in underbalanced drilling. Then detailed
analyze structural characteristic of the Russian EM-MWD (ZTS type) and the production tests in
Shengli Oilfield and Liaohe oilfield. Finally analyzes how to solve problems when using Russian
EM-MWD in underbalanced drilling.
The seventh chapter is conclusions and recommendations. To sum up the whole paper and give
some suggestions for further study.
Key Words:EM-MWD; annular foam; conductivity; transmission; application
目 录
第一章 绪论......................................................................................................................................1
§1.1 论文的来源 ...........................................................................................................................1
§1.2 论文研究的目的和意义 .......................................................................................................1
§1.3 国内外研究现状 ...................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 电磁波式 MWD 系统研究现状.......................................................................................2
1.3.2 电磁波传输特性研究现状...............................................................................................4
1.3.3 电磁波在欠平衡钻井介质中传输特性研究现状...........................................................4
§1.4 课题研究面临的困难 ...........................................................................................................5
§1.5 课题主要研究内容与技术路线 ...........................................................................................5
第二章 泥浆脉冲式 MWD 应用局限性..........................................................................................7
§2.1 欠平衡钻井 ...........................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 欠平衡钻井的类型与应用范围......................................................................................7
2.1.2 欠平衡钻井的优越性......................................................................................................8
§2.2 泥浆脉冲式 MWD 应用局限性 ...........................................................................................9
2.2.1 泥浆脉冲式 MWD 工作原理..........................................................................................9
2.2.2 含气量对泥浆脉冲信号传输速度的影响....................................................................10
2.2.3 泥浆脉冲式 MWD 在欠平衡井中的不适应性............................................................11
第三章 电磁波式 MWD 理论........................................................................................................12
§3.1 电磁波式 MWD 的工作原理 .............................................................................................12
§3.2 电磁波式 MWD 通信的等效线传输法 .............................................................................13
§3.3 影响电磁波传输的主要因素 .............................................................................................16
第四章 泡沫及其电导率研究........................................................................................................21
§4.1 泡沫流体理论 .....................................................................................................................21
4.1.1 低密度流体及其分类....................................................................................................21
4.1.2 泡沫流体优点................................................................................................................21
4.1.3 泡沫流体组成................................................................................................................22
4.1.4 泡沫微观结构................................................................................................................24
4.1.5 泡沫双层膜理论............................................................................................................26
§4.2 泡沫电导率室内研究 .........................................................................................................26
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