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Designation: C1055 − 20
Standard Guide for
Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact
Burn Injuries
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This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of
acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.
The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented
for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent
serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular
surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable
contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of
injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for
industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer
products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by
Wu (
1)
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and others to reflect the slower reaction times for
children, the elderly, or the infirm.
1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that
causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of
injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage.
For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by
space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside
considerations), this guide is used to establish a second, less
desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some
permanent tissue damage is permitted. At no time, however, are
conditions that produce third degree burns recommended.
1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature de-
termination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or
other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at
the location of contact.
1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of refer-
ences at the end of this guide (
1-16).
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
C1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tempera-
ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model
and Thermesthesiometer
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 skin:
3.1.2 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
skin layers. The thickness of this layer averages 0.08 mm.
3.1.3 dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This layer
contains the blood vessels and nerve endings. The thickness of
this layer averages 2 mm.
3.1.4 necrosis—localized death of living cells. A clinical
term that defines when permanent damage to a skin layer has
occurred.
3.1.5 burns:
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1055 – 03 (2014).
DOI: 10.1520/C1055-20.
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The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this guide.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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