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ASTM A781 是一个由美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）制定的标准，它规定了通用工业用途的钢铁铸件的基本要求。该标准的主要目的是确保钢铁铸件的质量和性能，适用于不同类型的铸钢和合金钢。A781/A781M 的最新版本是2006年发布的，但可能会有后续的修订或再批准，以反映技术和工业实践的最新进展。 1. 范围这个标准涵盖了ASTM发布的多个钢铁铸造规范的一组共同强制性要求。如果特定的产品规格有不同规定，那么产品规格的要求优先。ASTM A781/A781M 提供了一个框架，用于确保各种不同应用领域的钢铁铸件的最低标准，包括但不限于： - ASTM A27/A27M：适用于一般应用的碳钢铸件 - ASTM A128/A128M：奥氏体锰钢铸件 - ASTM A148/A148M：用于结构目的的高强度钢铸件 - ASTM A297/A297M：铁铬和铁铬镍耐热钢铸件 - ASTM A447/A447M：用于高温服务的铬镍铁合金（25-12级）铸件 - ASTM A494/A494M：镍和镍合金铸件 - ASTM A560/A560M：铬镍合金铸件 - ASTM A743/A743M：通用应用的耐腐蚀铁铬和铁铬镍铸件 - ASTM A744/A744M：适用于极端环境的耐腐蚀铁铬镍铸件 - ASTM A747/A747M：沉淀硬化不锈钢铸件 - ASTM A890/A890M：用于一般应用的耐腐蚀铁铬镍钼双相（奥氏体/铁素体）铸件 - ASTM A915/A915M：化学要求与标准锻造等级相似的碳和合金钢铸件 - ASTM A958：具有拉伸要求，化学要求与标准锻造等级相似的碳和合金钢铸件 - ASTM A1002：镍铝订购合金铸件 2. 补充要求除了上述规范中的基本要求外，ASTM A781/A781M 还包含一组补充要求，可以根据需要应用于上述各规范。这些补充要求可能涉及铸件的化学成分、机械性能、检验方法、尺寸公差、表面缺陷检查、非破坏检测以及最终产品的处理和包装等。 3. 检验和试验根据ASTM A781/A781M，铸件必须通过一系列的检验和试验以验证其符合标准。这通常包括化学成分分析、物理性能测试（如拉伸试验、冲击试验、硬度测试等）、无损检测（如超声波检测、磁粉检测等），以及对铸件外观和尺寸的检查。 4. 认证和报告制造商必须提供认证文件，证明铸件符合ASTM A781/A781M及相关产品规格的要求。这些报告应详细记录所有相关测试结果，并由授权的第三方机构进行独立审核。总结来说，ASTM A781/A781M 是一个综合性的标准，为钢铁铸件的生产和质量控制提供了统一的框架，确保了不同材质和应用的铸件满足工业界的一致性和可靠性需求。它不仅定义了基础的材料和工艺要求，还允许根据具体应用添加额外的规范，以适应更广泛的需求。

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Designation: A 781/A 781M – 06

Standard Speciﬁcation for

Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for

General Industrial Use

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation A 781/A 781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year

of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.

A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope*

1.1 This speciﬁcation covers a group of requirements that

are mandatory requirements of the following steel casting

speciﬁcations issued by ASTM. If the product speciﬁcation

speciﬁes different requirements, the product speciﬁcation shall

prevail.

ASTM

Designation Title of Speciﬁcation

A 27/A 27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application

A 128/A 128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese

A 148/A 148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-

poses

A 297/A 297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-

Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for General

Application

A 447/A 447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy

(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service

A 494/A 494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy

A 560/A 560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy

A 743/A 743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,

Corrosion Resistant, for General Application

A 744/A 744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-

sistant, for Severe

A 747/A 747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-

ing

A 890/A 890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum

Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)

for General Application

A 915/A 915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-

quirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades

A 958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile

Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similiar

to Standard Wrought Grades

A 1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy

1.2 This speciﬁcation also covers a group of supplementary

requirements that may be applied to the above speciﬁcations as

indicated therein. These are provided for use when additional

testing or inspection is desired and apply only when speciﬁed

individually by the purchaser in the order.

1.3 The requirements of the individual material speciﬁca-

tion, and this general speciﬁcation shall prevail in the sequence

named.

1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units

are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the

SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each

system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must

be used independently of the other. Combining values from the

two systems may result in nonconformance with the speciﬁ-

cation. Inch-pound units are applicable for material ordered to

Speciﬁcation A 781 and SI units for material ordered to

Speciﬁcation A 781M.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

A 27/A 27M Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, Carbon, for

General Application

A 128/A 128M Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, Austenitic

Manganese

A 148/A 148M Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, High

Strength, for Structural Purposes

A 297/A 297M Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, Iron-

Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for

General Application

A 370 Test Methods and Deﬁnitions for Mechanical Testing

of Steel Products

A 380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of

Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems

A 447/A 447M Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings,

Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-

Temperature Service

A 488/A 488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-

ﬁcations of Procedures and Personnel

A 494/A 494M Speciﬁcation for Castings, Nickel and

Nickel Alloy

A 560/A 560M Speciﬁcation for Castings, Chromium-

Nickel Alloy

A 609/A 609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,

and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination

Thereof

A 743/A 743M Speciﬁcation for Castings, Iron-Chromium,

Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General

Application

This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,

Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee

A01.18 on Castings.

Current edition approved June 15, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally

approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A 781/A 781M – 05a.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

A 744/A 744M Speciﬁcation for Castings, Iron-Chromium-

Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service

A 747/A 747M Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, Stainless,

Precipitation Hardening

A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for

Chemical Analysis of Steel Products

A 800/A 800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy,

Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof

A 802/A 802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Accep-

tance Standards, Visual Examination

A 890/A 890M Speciﬁcation for Castings, Iron-Chromium-

Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex

(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application

A 915/A 915M Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, Carbon,

and Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard

Wrought Grades

A 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-

lated Alloys, and Ferroalloys

A 958 Speciﬁcation for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy,

with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Simi-

lar to Standard Wrought Grades

A 967 Speciﬁcation for Chemical Passivation Treatments

for Stainless Steel Parts

A 991/A 991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature

Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel

Products

A 1002 Speciﬁcation for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Or-

dered Alloy

E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination

E 125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-

tions on Ferrous Castings

E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination

E 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-

in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings

E 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to

12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings

E 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys

E 353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,

Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-

Nickel-Iron Alloys

E 354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-

Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,

Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys

E 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.

[51 mm] in Thickness

E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination

3. Terminology

3.1 Deﬁnitions:

3.1.1 The deﬁnitions in Test Methods and Deﬁnitions

A 370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751, and

Terminology A 941 are applicable to this speciﬁcation and

those listed in

1.1.

3.1.2 test coupon, n—the part from which the test specimen

will be extracted.

3.1.3 test specimen, n—the part that will be acted upon in a

test.

4. Materials and Manufacture

4.1 Melting Process—The steel shall be made by open-

hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate

reﬁning, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless

otherwise speciﬁed in the individual speciﬁcation.

4.2 Heat Treatment:

4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a

furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test Method

A 991/A 991M.

4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above

2000°F [1100°C], then the working zone shall have been

established by a survey performed at not more than 25°F

[15°C] below nor more than 200°F [110°C] above the mini-

mum heat treatment temperature speciﬁed for the grade. If a

minimum heat treatment temperature is not speciﬁed for the

grade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50°F

[30°C] below nor more than 175°F [100°C] above the furnace

set point used.

4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature as

determined by the difference between the highest temperature

and the lowest temperature shall be as agreed between the

purchaser and producer except that during production heat

treatment, no portion of the furnace shall be below the

minimum speciﬁed temperature nor above the maximum

speciﬁed temperature for the grade being processed.

5. Chemical Composition

5.1 Chemical Analysis—Chemical analysis of materials

covered by this speciﬁcation shall be in accordance with Test

Methods, Practices, and Terminology

A 751.

5.2 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat shall be made

by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the

elements speciﬁed in the individual speciﬁcation for the grade

being poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample

preferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When drillings

are used, they shall be taken not less than

⁄

in. [6.4 mm]

beneath the surface. The chemical composition thus deter-

mined shall conform to the requirements in the individual

speciﬁcation for the grade being poured.

5.3 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by

the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or

casting. The analysis shall be made on representative material.

Samples for carbon analysis of carbon and alloy steel shall be

taken no closer than

⁄

in. [6 mm] to a cast surface, except that

castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative

material. The chemical composition thus determined shall meet

the requirements speciﬁed in the applicable speciﬁcation for

the grade involved, or shall be subject to rejection by the

purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for

carbon and low alloy steel castings may vary from the speciﬁed

limits by the amounts shown in

Table 1. The product analysis

tolerances of

Table 1 are not applicable as acceptance criteria

for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparing

product and heat analysis for other than carbon and low alloy

steels, the reproducibility Data R

, in Test Methods E 353 or

E 354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.

A 781/A 781M – 06

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

5.4 Unspeciﬁed Elements—When chemical analysis for el-

ements not speciﬁed for the grade ordered is desired, Supple-

mentary Requirement S13 may be speciﬁed.

5.4.1 Grade substitution, for stainless steel or nickel base

alloy castings, is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when

the material supplied:

(1) contains an element, other than nitrogen, that is not

speciﬁed in the ordered grade; and,

(2) the amount of that element equals or exceeds the

minimum requirement for the element in another grade for

which it is speciﬁed.

For this requirement, a grade is deﬁned as an alloy described

individually in a table of chemical requirements within any

speciﬁcation listed within the scope of A 781/A 781M.

6. Mechanical Test Requirements

6.1 The individual product speciﬁcations vary as to whether

mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determine

speciﬁc test requirements, the individual product speciﬁcation

should be reviewed.

6.2 Unless otherwise speciﬁed by the purchaser, when

mechanical properties are required by the product speciﬁca-

tion, test coupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or

as separate blocks, in accordance with

Fig. 1, Fig. 2,orFig. 3,

except when Supplementary Requirement S15 is speciﬁed. The

test coupon in

Fig. 3 shall be employed only for austenitic alloy

castings with cross sections less than 2

⁄

in. [65 mm].

7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and

shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by the

purchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern is

supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shall

be as predicated by the pattern.

8. Quality

8.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand,

scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examina-

tion. Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual accep-

tance standards speciﬁed in the order. Practice

A 802/A 802M

or other visual standards may be used to deﬁne acceptable

surface discontinuities and ﬁnish. Unacceptable visual surface

discontinuities shall be removed and their removal veriﬁed by

visual examination of the resultant cavities.

8.2 When additional inspection is desired, Supplementary

Requirements S1, S2, S3, S4, or S5 may be speciﬁed.

8.3 Rejectable indications shall not be peened, plugged, or

impregnated.

9. Repair

9.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with the

requirements of the individual speciﬁcation using procedures

and welders qualiﬁed in accordance with Practice

A 488/

A 488M.

10. Inspection

10.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector

all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material is

being produced and furnished in accordance with the appli-

cable speciﬁcation. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shall

not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations.

All tests and inspections, with the exception of product

analysis (

5.3), shall be made at the place of manufacture unless

otherwise agreed.

11. Rejection

11.1 Subsequent to acceptance at the manufacturer’s works,

material that is found to be unacceptable as determined by

requirements speciﬁed in the order may be rejected by the

purchaser. The manufacturer should be notiﬁed of such rejec-

tion. If the manufacturer is dissatisﬁed with the results of any

tests performed by the purchaser, he may make claim for a

rehearing.

12. Keywords

12.1 castings; common requirements; steel and alloy

Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test

coupons obtained as speciﬁed in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be

found in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders’ Society of

America, pp. 15-35 through 15-43, 1980.

TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances

Element Range, %

Tolerances

Over

Maximum or Under

Minimum Limit, %

C upto0.65

above 0.65

0.03 3 %C

+ 0.02

0.04

Mn up to 1

above 1

0.08 3 %Mn

+ 0.01

0.09

Si up to 0.60

above 0.60

0.22 3 %Si

− 0.01

0.15

P all 0.13 3 %P

+ 0.005

S all 0.36 3 %S

+ 0.001

Ni up to 2 0.10 3 %Ni

+ 0.03

above 2 0.25

Cr up to 2

above 2

0.07 3 %Cr

+ 0.04

0.18

Mo up to 0.6

above 0.6

0.04 3 %Mo

+ 0.03

0.06

V upto0.25

above 0.25

0.23 3 %V

+ 0.004

0.06

W upto0.10

above 0.10

0.08 3 %W

+ 0.02

0.02

Cu up to 0.15

above 0.15

0.18 3 %Cu

+ 0.02

0.05

Al up to 0.10

above 0.10

0.08 3 %Al

+ 0.02

0.03

The range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computed

by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.

The subscript

for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of the

element speciﬁed by the applicable speciﬁcation are to be inserted into the

equation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (if

applicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented in

footnote C.

To illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganese

maximum of 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Speciﬁcation

A 27/A 27M. The

maximum permissible deviation is (0.08 3 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Therefore, the

highest acceptable product analysis is 0.766. Similarly, for a 0.20 carbon grade

70-40 in Speciﬁcation

A 27/A 27M, the maximum manganese content is 1.40; thus,

the highest acceptable product analysis is (1.40 + 0.09) = 1.49.

A 781/A 781M – 06

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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