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The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide

Peter Jay Salzman

Michael Burian

Ori Pomerantz

2007-05-18 ver 2.6.4

The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide is a free book; you may reproduce and/or modify it under

the terms of the Open Software License, version 1.1. You can obtain a copy of this license at

http://

opensource.org/licenses/osl.php.

This book is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but without any warranty, without even the implied

warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

The author encourages wide distribution of this book for personal or commercial use, provided the above

summary, you may copy and distribute this book free of charge or for a profit. No explicit permission is

required from the author for reproduction of this book in any medium, physical or electronic.

Derivative works and translations of this document must be placed under the Open Software License, and the

original copyright notice must remain intact. If you have contributed new material to this book, you must

make the material and source code available for your revisions. Please make revisions and updates available

directly to the document maintainer, Peter Jay Salzman <

p@dirac.org>. This will allow for the merging of

updates and provide consistent revisions to the Linux community.

If you publish or distribute this book commercially, donations, royalties, and/or printed copies are greatly

appreciated by the author and the Linux Documentation Project (LDP). Contributing in this way shows your

support for free software and the LDP. If you have questions or comments, please contact the address above.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Authorship

Versioning and Notes

Acknowledgements

http://ldp.icenet.is/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/lkmpg.html（第 1／112 页）2008-7-29 13:45:25

The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
1. Introduction 
1.1. 
What Is A Kernel Module? 
1.2. 
How Do Modules Get Into The Kernel?
2. 
Hello World 
2.1. 
Hello, World (part 1): The Simplest Module 
2.2. 
Compiling Kernel Modules 
2.3. 
Hello World (part 2) 
2.4. 
Hello World (part 3): The __init and __exit Macros 
2.5. 
Hello World (part 4): Licensing and Module Documentation 
2.6. 
Passing Command Line Arguments to a Module 
2.7. 
Modules Spanning Multiple Files 
2.8. 
Building modules for a precompiled kernel
3. 
Preliminaries 
3.1. 
Modules vs Programs
4. 
Character Device Files 
4.1. 
Character Device Drivers
5. 
The /proc File System 
5.1. 
The /proc File System 
5.2. 
Read and Write a /proc File 
5.3. 
Manage /proc file with standard filesystem 
5.4. 
Manage /proc file with seq_file
6. 
Using /proc For Input 
6.1. 
TODO: Write a chapter about sysfs
7. 
Talking To Device Files 
7.1. 
Talking to Device Files (writes and IOCTLs)
8. 
System Calls 
8.1. 
System Calls
9. 
Blocking Processes 
9.1. 
Blocking Processes
10. 
Replacing Printks 
10.1. 
Replacing printk 
10.2. 
Flashing keyboard LEDs
11. 
Scheduling Tasks 
11.1. 
Scheduling Tasks
12. 
Interrupt Handlers 
12.1. 
Interrupt Handlers
13. 
Symmetric Multi Processing 
13.1. 
Symmetrical Multi-Processing
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The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
14. Common Pitfalls 
14.1. 
Common Pitfalls
A. 
Changes: 2.0 To 2.2 
A.1. 
Changes between 2.4 and 2.6
B. 
Where To Go From Here 
B.1. 
Where From Here?
Index
List of Figures 
5-1. How seq_file works
List of Examples 
2-1. hello-1.c 
2-2. 
Makefile for a basic kernel module 
2-3. 
hello-2.c 
2-4. 
Makefile for both our modules 
2-5. 
hello-3.c 
2-6. 
hello-4.c 
2-7. 
hello-5.c 
2-8. 
start.c 
2-9. 
stop.c 
2-10. 
Makefile 
4-1. 
chardev.c 
5-1. 
procfs1.c 
5-2. 
procfs2.c 
5-3. 
procfs3.c 
5-4. 
procfs4.c 
7-1. 
chardev.c 
7-2. 
chardev.h 
7-3. 
ioctl.c 
8-1. 
syscall.c 
9-1. 
sleep.c 
9-2. 
cat_noblock.c 
10-1. 
print_string.c 
10-2. 
kbleds.c 
11-1. 
sched.c 
12-1. 
intrpt.c
http://ldp.icenet.is/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/lkmpg.html（第 3／112 页）2008-7-29 13:45:25

The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide

Foreword

1. Authorship

The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide was originally written for the 2.2 kernels by Ori Pomerantz.

Eventually, Ori no longer had time to maintain the document. After all, the Linux kernel is a fast moving

target. Peter Jay Salzman took over maintenance and updated it for the 2.4 kernels. Eventually, Peter no

longer had time to follow developments with the 2.6 kernel, so Michael Burian became a co-maintainer to

update the document for the 2.6 kernels.

2. Versioning and Notes

The Linux kernel is a moving target. There has always been a question whether the LKMPG should remove

deprecated information or keep it around for historical sake. Michael Burian and I decided to create a new

branch of the LKMPG for each new stable kernel version. So version LKMPG 2.4.x will address Linux kernel

2.4 and LKMPG 2.6.x will address Linux kernel 2.6. No attempt will be made to archive historical

information; a person wishing this information should read the appropriately versioned LKMPG.

The source code and discussions should apply to most architectures, but I can't promise anything. One

exception is

Chapter 12, Interrupt Handlers, which should not work on any architecture except for x86.

3. Acknowledgements

The following people have contributed corrections or good suggestions: Ignacio Martin, David Porter,

Daniele Paolo Scarpazza, Dimo Velev, Francois Audeon and Horst Schirmeier.

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. What Is A Kernel Module?

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The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide

So, you want to write a kernel module. You know C, you've written a few normal programs to run as

processes, and now you want to get to where the real action is, to where a single wild pointer can wipe out

your file system and a core dump means a reboot.

What exactly is a kernel module? Modules are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel

upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For

example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to

the system. Without modules, we would have to build monolithic kernels and add new functionality directly

into the kernel image. Besides having larger kernels, this has the disadvantage of requiring us to rebuild and

reboot the kernel every time we want new functionality.

1.2. How Do Modules Get Into The Kernel?

You can see what modules are already loaded into the kernel by running lsmod, which gets its information by

reading the file /proc/modules.

How do these modules find their way into the kernel? When the kernel needs a feature that is not resident in

the kernel, the kernel module daemon kmod

[1] execs modprobe to load the module in. modprobe is passed

a string in one of two forms:

● A module name like softdog or ppp.

● A more generic identifier like char-major-10-30.

If modprobe is handed a generic identifier, it first looks for that string in the file /etc/modprobe.conf.

[2] If it

finds an alias line like:

alias char-major-10-30 softdog

it knows that the generic identifier refers to the module softdog.ko.

Next, modprobe looks through the file /lib/modules/version/modules.dep, to see if other modules must be

loaded before the requested module may be loaded. This file is created by depmod -a and contains module

dependencies. For example, msdos.ko requires the fat.ko module to be already loaded into the kernel. The

requested module has a dependency on another module if the other module defines symbols (variables or

functions) that the requested module uses.

http://ldp.icenet.is/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/lkmpg.html（第 5／112 页）2008-7-29 13:45:26

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