Molecular.Fluorescence

1.1 What is luminescence? 3

1.2 A brief history of fluorescence and phosphorescence 5

1.3 Fluorescence and other de-excitation processes of excited molecules 8

1.4 Fluorescent probes 11

1.5 Molecular fluorescence as an analytical tool 15

1.6 Ultimate spatial and temporal resolution: femtoseconds, femtoliters,

femtomoles and single-molecule detection

1.7 Bibliography 18

2.4 The Franck–Condon principle 30

2.5 Bibliography 33

3.1 Radiative and non-radiative transitions between electronic states 34

3.1.1 Internal conversion 37

3.1.2 Fluorescence 37

3.1.3 Intersystem crossing and subsequent processes 38

3.1.3.1 Intersystem crossing 41

3.1.3.2 Phosphorescence versus non-radiative de-excitation 41

3.1.3.3 Delayed fluorescence 41