考古用地 Archaeological land use 数据集 CSV【500010017】

# 考古用地(Stephens et al. 2019) 作者提出了从距今1万年(公元前1年)到公元1850年的土地利用考古专家知识的全球评估。 为了在全球范围内评估和整合考古知识，ArchaeoGLOBE项目采用了众包的方式。具有土地利用专门知识的考古学家被邀请参与一份详细的调查问卷，以10个时间间隔描述土地利用知识水平，涵盖除南极洲以外的所有大陆的146个区域分析单位。捐助者选择了他们具有专门知识的个别区域;255名考古学家完成了总共711份地区调查问卷，从而形成了完整的、尽管不均衡的全球覆盖范围。结果是一个基于专家的元分析，它使用半主观的(排名的)调查数据来生成土地利用随时间变化的区域评估。 他们绘制了世界上四种“农业”制度的年代和范围: 1)觅食:觅食/狩猎/采集/捕鱼——以捕猎野生动物、采集野生植物和捕鱼为基础的生存方式，不刻意改变人类利用的动植物的繁殖方式。 2)畜牧业:利用牧场从事畜牧业——包括饲养、照料和使用驯养的畜群动物(如绵羊、山羊、骆驼、牛、马、美洲驼、驯鹿和牦牛)。 3)粗放型农业:泛化/轮作和其他形式的不连续耕作。 4)集约化农业:所有其他形式的连续栽培(包括灌溉和非灌溉一年生作物、热带农林、水田耕作和工业单一作物/种植农业)。 # Archaeological land use (Stephens et al. 2019) The authors present a global assessment of archaeological expert knowledge on land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) to 1850 CE. To assess and integrate archaeological knowledge toward synthesis at a global scale, the ArchaeoGLOBE Project used a crowdsourcing approach. Archaeologists with land-use expertise were invited to contribute to a detailed questionnaire describing levels of land-use knowledge at 10 time intervals across 146 regional analytical units covering all continents except Antarctica. Contributors selected individual regions where they had expertise; 255 individual archaeologists completed a total of 711 regional questionnaires, resulting in complete, though uneven, global coverage. The result is an expert-based meta-analysis that uses semi-subjective (ranked) survey data to generate regional assessments of land use over time. They map the dating and extent of four 'agricultural' regimes across the world: 1) Foraging: Foraging/hunting/gathering/fishing - subsistence based on hunting wild animals, gathering wild plants, and fishing, without deliberately modifying the reproduction of plants and animals that people exploit. 2) Pastoralism: the exploitation of pasturelands for animal husbandry - including the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herd animals (e.g., sheep, goats, camels, cattle, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks). 3) Extensive agriculture: swidden/shifting cultivation and other forms of noncontinuous cultivation. 4) Intensive agriculture: all other forms of continuous cultivation (including irrigated and nonirrigated annual cropping, tropical agroforestry, flooded field farming, and industrial monocrop/plantation agriculture).