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Welcome to Swift
About Swift
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C
and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility. Swift adopts safe
programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more
flexible, and more fun. Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa
and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to reimagine how software development
works.
Swift has been years in the making. Apple laid the foundation for Swift by advancing our
existing compiler, debugger, and framework infrastructure. We simplified memory
management with Automatic Reference Counting (ARC). Our framework stack, built on
the solid base of Foundation and Cocoa, has been modernized and standardized
throughout. Objective-C itself has evolved to support blocks, collection literals, and
modules, enabling framework adoption of modern language technologies without
disruption. Thanks to this groundwork, we can now introduce a new language for the
future of Apple software development.
Swift feels familiar to Objective-C developers. It adopts the readability of Objective-C’s
named parameters and the power of Objective-C’s dynamic object model. It provides
seamless access to existing Cocoa frameworks and mix-and-match interoperability with
Objective-C code. Building from this common ground, Swift introduces many new features
and unifies the procedural and object-oriented portions of the language.
Swift is friendly to new programmers. It is the first industrial-quality systems
programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language. It
supports playgrounds, an innovative feature that allows programmers to experiment with
Swift code and see the results immediately, without the overhead of building and running
an app.
Swift combines the best in modern language thinking with wisdom from the wider Apple
engineering culture. The compiler is optimized for performance, and the language is
optimized for development, without compromising on either. It’s designed to scale from
“hello, world” to an entire operating system. All this makes Swift a sound future
investment for developers and for Apple.
Swift is a fantastic way to write iOS and OS X apps, and will continue to evolve with new
features and capabilities. Our goals for Swift are ambitious. We can’t wait to see what
you create with it.
A Swift Tour
Tradition suggests that the first program in a new language should print the words “Hello,
world” on the screen. In Swift, this can be done in a single line:
println("Hello, world")
If you have written code in C or Objective-C, this syntax looks familiar to you—in Swift,
this line of code is a complete program. You don’t need to import a separate library for
functionality like input/output or string handling. Code written at global scope is used as
the entry point for the program, so you don’t need a main function. You also don’t need to
write semicolons at the end of every statement.
This tour gives you enough information to start writing code in Swift by showing you how
to accomplish a variety of programming tasks. Don’t worry if you don’t understand
something—everything introduced in this tour is explained in detail in the rest of this
book.
N O T E
For the best experience, open this chapter as a playground in Xcode. Playgrounds allow you to edit the code
listings and see the result immediately.
Simple Values
Use let to make a constant and var to make a variable. The value of a constant doesn’t
need to be known at compile time, but you must assign it a value exactly once. This
means you can use constants to name a value that you determine once but use in many
places.
var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42
A constant or variable must have the same type as the value you want to assign to it.
However, you don’t always have to write the type explicitly. Providing a value when you
create a constant or variable lets the compiler infer its type. In the example above, the
compiler infers that myVariable is an integer because its initial value is a integer.
If the initial value doesn’t provide enough information (or if there is no initial value),
specify the type by writing it after the variable, separated by a colon.
let implicitInteger = 70
let implicitDouble = 70.0
let explicitDouble: Double = 70
EX P ERI M EN T
Create a constant with an explicit type of Float and a value of 4.
Values are never implicitly converted to another type. If you need to convert a value to a
different type, explicitly make an instance of the desired type.
let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let widthLabel = label + String(width)
EX P ERI M EN T
Try removing the conversion to String from the last line. What error do you get?
There’s an even simpler way to include values in strings: Write the value in parentheses,
and write a backslash (\) before the parentheses. For example:
let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
let fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
EX P ERI M EN T
Use \() to include a floating-point calculation in a string and to include someone’s name in a greeting.
Create arrays and dictionaries using brackets ([]), and access their elements by writing
the index or key in brackets.
var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
To create an empty array or dictionary, use the initializer syntax.
let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
If type information can be inferred, you can write an empty array as [] and an empty
dictionary as [:]—for example, when you set a new value for a variable or pass an
argument to a function.
shoppingList = [] // Went shopping and bought everything.
Control Flow
Use if and switch to make conditionals, and use for-in, for, while, and do-while to make loops.
Parentheses around the condition or loop variable are optional. Braces around the body
are required.
let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
if score > 50 {
teamScore += 3
} else {
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