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Vector and SIMD
Processors
Eric Welch & James Evans
Multiple Processor Systems
Spring 2013
Outline
• Introduction
• Traditional Vector Processors
o History & Description
o Advantages
o Architectures
o Components
o Performance Optimizations
• Modern SIMD Processors
o Introduction
o Architectures
o Use in signal and image processing
History of Vector Processors
• Early Work
o Development started in the early 1960s at Westinghouse
Goal of the Solomon project was to substantially increase arithmetic
performance by using many simple co-processors under the control of
a single master CPU
Allowed single algorithm to be applied to large data set
• Supercomputers
o Dominated supercomputer design through the 1970s into the 1990s
o Cray platforms were the most notable vector supercomputers
Cray -1: Introduced in 1976
Cray-2, Cray X-MP, Cray Y-MP
o Demise
In the late 1990s, the price-to-
performance ratio drastically
increased for conventional
microprocessor designs
Description of Vector Processors
• CPU that implements an instruction set that operates on
1-D arrays, called vectors
• Vectors contain multiple data elements
• Number of data elements per vector is typically referred
to as the vector length
• Both instructions and data are pipelined to reduce
decoding time
+
r1
r2
r3
add r3, r1, r2
SCALAR
(1 operation)
v1 v2
v3
+
vector
length
add.vv v3, v1, v2
VECTOR
(N operations)
Advantages of Vector Processors
• Require Lower Instruction Bandwith
o Reduced by fewer fetches and decodes
• Easier Addressing of Main Memory
o Load/Store units access memory with known patterns
• Elimination of Memory Wastage
o Unlike cache access, every data element that is requested by the
processor is actually used – no cache misses
o Latency only occurs once per vector during pipelined loading
• Simplification of Control Hazards
o Loop-related control hazards from the loop are eliminated
• Scalable Platform
o Increase performance by using more hardware resources
• Reduced Code Size
o Short, single instruction can describe N operations
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