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ISO+281-2007.pdf
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ISO 281:2007 specifies methods of calculating the basic dynamic load rating of rolling bearings within the size ranges shown in the relevant ISO publications, manufactured from contemporary, commonly used, high quality hardened bearing steel, in accordance with good manufacturing practice and basically of conventional design as regards the shape of rolling contact surfaces.
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Reference number
ISO 281:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ISO
281
Second edition
2007-02-15
Rolling bearings — Dynamic load ratings
and rating life
Roulements — Charges dynamiques de base et durée nominale
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
Not for Resale
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ISO 281:2007(E)
PDF disclaimer
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shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
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accepts no liability in this area.
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parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2007
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
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Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
Not for Resale
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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ISO 281:2007(E)
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved iii
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 2
4 Symbols ................................................................................................................................................. 4
5 Radial ball bearings .............................................................................................................................. 6
5.1 Basic dynamic radial load rating......................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Dynamic equivalent radial load ........................................................................................................... 9
5.3 Basic rating life ................................................................................................................................... 10
6 Thrust ball bearings............................................................................................................................ 10
6.1 Basic dynamic axial load rating ........................................................................................................ 10
6.2 Dynamic equivalent axial load........................................................................................................... 12
6.3 Basic rating life ................................................................................................................................... 13
7 Radial roller bearings ......................................................................................................................... 13
7.1 Basic dynamic radial load rating....................................................................................................... 13
7.2 Dynamic equivalent radial load ......................................................................................................... 15
7.3 Basic rating life ................................................................................................................................... 16
8 Thrust roller bearings......................................................................................................................... 16
8.1 Basic dynamic axial load rating ........................................................................................................ 16
8.2 Dynamic equivalent axial load........................................................................................................... 19
8.3 Basic rating life ................................................................................................................................... 19
9 Modified rating life .............................................................................................................................. 20
9.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 20
9.2 Life modification factor for reliability ............................................................................................... 20
9.3 Life modification factor for systems approach ............................................................................... 21
Annex A (informative) Detailed method for estimating the contamination factor ..................................... 32
Annex B (informative) Calculation of the fatigue load limit ......................................................................... 42
Annex C (informative) Discontinuities in the calculation of basic dynamic load ratings......................... 47
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 51
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
Not for Resale
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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ISO 281:2007(E)
iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 281 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 4, Rolling bearings, Subcommittee SC 8, Load ratings
and life.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 281:1990), ISO 281:1990/Amd. 1:2000,
ISO 281:1990/Amd. 2:2000 and ISO/TS 16799:1999, which have been technically revised.
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
Not for Resale
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ISO 281:2007(E)
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
v
Introduction
It is often impractical to establish the suitability of a bearing selected for a specific application by testing a
sufficient number of bearings in that application. However, life, as defined in 3.1, is a primary representation of
the suitability. A reliable life calculation is therefore considered to be an appropriate and convenient substitute
for testing. The purpose of this International Standard is to provide the required basis for life calculation.
Since ISO 281 was published in 1990, additional knowledge has been gained regarding the influence on
bearing life of contamination, lubrication, internal stresses from mounting, stresses from hardening, fatigue
load limit of the material, etc. In ISO 281:1990/Amd. 2:2000, a general method was presented to consider
such influences in the calculation of a modified rating life of a bearing. This amendment is incorporated in this
International Standard, which also provides a practical method to consider the influence on bearing life of
lubrication condition, contaminated lubricant and fatigue load of bearing material.
ISO/TS 16281
[1]
introduced advanced calculation methods which enable the user to take into account the
influence on bearing life of bearing-operating clearance and misalignment under general loading conditions.
The user can also consult the bearing manufacturer for recommendations and evaluation of equivalent load
and life for these operation conditions and other influences as, for example, rolling element centrifugal forces
or other high-speed effects.
Calculations according to this International Standard do not yield satisfactory results for bearings subjected to
such application conditions and/or of such internal design which result in considerable truncation of the area of
contact between the rolling elements and the ring raceways. Unmodified calculation results are thus not
applicable, for example, to ball bearings with filling slots that project substantially into the ball/raceway contact
area when the bearing is subjected to axial loading in the application. Bearing manufacturers should be
consulted in such cases.
The life modification factors for reliability, a
1
, have been slightly changed and extended to 99,95 % reliability.
Revisions of this document will be required from time to time, as the result of new developments or in the light
of new information concerning specific bearing types and materials.
Background information regarding the derivation of equations and factors in this document is given in
ISO/TR 8646
1)
and ISO/TR 1281-2
[2]
.
1) Under revision. Will be published under the reference ISO/TR 1281-1.
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
Not for Resale
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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