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PAPER
APRIL 2019
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC PURPOSE PROJECT
Big Tech and
Democracy:
The Critical Role
of Congress
Key Policy Considerations to
Address Tech Platforms
Technology and Public Purpose Project
Belfer Center for Science and International Aairs
Harvard Kennedy School
79 JFK Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
www.belfercenter.org/TAPP
Platform Accountability Project
Shorenstein Center for Media, Politics and Public Policy
Harvard Kennedy School
124 Mount Auburn Street, 2nd Floor, South Elevators
Cambridge, MA 02138
www.shorensteincenter.org
Statements and views expressed in this report are solely those of the authors and do not imply
endorsement by Harvard University, Harvard Kennedy School, the Belfer Center for Science and
International Aairs, or the Shorenstein Center for Media, Politics and Public Policy.
Design and layout by Andrew Facini
Cover photo: Adobe Stock
Copyright 2019, President and Fellows of Harvard College
Printed in the United States of America
PAPER
APRIL 2019
TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC PURPOSE PROJECT
Big Tech and
Democracy:
The Critical Role
of Congress
Key Policy Considerations to
Address Tech Platforms
Bogdan Belei
Toni Bush
Maeve Campbell
Ash Carter
Lucy Chase
Mignon Clyburn
Bennett Craig
Daniel Gastfriend
Dipayan Ghosh
Gene Kimmelman
Heidi Legg
Laura Manley
Nicco Mele
Hong Qu
Amy Robinson
Philip Verveer
Tom Wheeler
ii
Big Tech and Democracy: The Critical Role of Congress
Co-Sponsoring Organizations
e Technology and Public Purpose (TAPP) Project at the Harvard
Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Aairs works
to ensure that emerging technologies are developed and managed in ways
that serve the overall public good. Led by Belfer Center Director, MIT
Innovation Fellow, and former Secretary of Defense Ash Carter, the TAPP
Project leverages a network of experts from Harvard University, MIT, and
Stanford, along with leaders in technology, government, and business. For
more information, visit: www.BelferCenter.org/TAPP
e Platform Accountability Project at the Harvard Kennedy School’s
Shorenstein Center for Media, Politics and Public Policy aims to address
issues at the intersection of internet policy and economic regulation
through academic research and expert analysis. e world’s leading
internet rms currently operate in a largely unregulated environment.
While the American disinclination to industry regulation is premised on a
longstanding and well-intentioned preference to let the industry innovate
and allow the open market to eciently serve consumers, some things
have gotten out of hand. A handful of large digital platforms dominate the
online world and make decisions on a range of issues that aect the public
sphere—including disinformation, hate speech, and extremist content.
New thinking is required to understand the business model that sits behind
the veneer of the internet and prompts these negative externalities—and
to develop new ideas for the regulatory policies that can address public
harms. For more information, visit: www.ShorensteinCenter.org
iii
Belfer Center for Science and International Aairs | Harvard Kennedy School
Table of Contents
Summary Report ................................................................................1
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 1
Key Insights .................................................................................................................................4
Gaps in Governance Authority and Coordination ..............................................................4
A Healthy Mix of Self-Regulation and Government Policy ................................................6
Congressional Hearings Are Underutilized ........................................................................9
Today’s Tech Debates Are Still ‘Pre-Partisan’ ................................................................... 10
Continuing the Conversation ....................................................................................................11
Event Briefings..................................................................................13
Big Tech and Democracy: Policy Approaches to Address Tech Platforms ........................... 13
Root of the Matter: Data and Duty, Common Law Approaches to Data Privacy ................. 18
Internet-based Advertising and Media Platforms: Enablers of Disinformation .................. 20
Policy Options: Disinformation ................................................................................................23
Platform Accountability and Contemporary Competition Law .............................................25
To Make the Tech Sector Competitive, Antitrust Is Only Half the Answer ............................27
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